Definition Paper- Beauty Is Not in the Eyes of the Beholder

UC-110 31 October 2012 Beauty What does it mean to have beauty? What is beauty really? Questions like these can be explained through the definition of beauty. The problem is that beauty in today’s society has acquired multiple meanings. How many times has one heard the phrase, beauty is in the eyes of the beholder, or how about, beauty is on the inside? These happen to be common misconceptions. The true definition of beauty is ironically hidden behind a mask of deception. Glancing through history brings to light the harsh reality of what beauty was and still is today.Individuals need to look beyond the common myth that beauty is merely subjective. Beauty is a perceptual quality that is a product of innate human design. Love it or hate it, from the moment you opened your eyes, beauty was already defined. Going back in time and reviewing the evolution of beauty demonstrates the definition, as well as disproving beauty is merely subjective. The Darwin theory of beauty is scientif ic evidence that there is a reason for universal aesthetic pleasure.Dennis Dutton, a scientist and philosopher states, â€Å"Beauty is an adaptive effect in which we extend and intensify in the creation of works of art and in the identification of human beings. † Dutton pronounced this statement after studying the universality of beauty across a wide range of topics. It is impossible that humans all perceive the same qualities as unique and aesthetically pleasing when we live in such diverse places. Sexual evolution plays an important role in defining beauty as a product of innate human design. The peacock for example contains beautiful feathers that in no way help with basic survival.However, the peahen is extremely attracted to the peacock because of its feathers, they are aesthetically pleasing. The peacock proves that mammals are born with qualities that bring about pleasure rather than survival. Humans are in this category with mammals. Humans contain symmetrically pleas ing elements that have little to do with survival. These elements are what prove that beauty is innate. Beauty may have scientifically evolved into what individuals perceive it as today, but the aspect of science has been removed from the concept itself.Confidence is another concept that finds itself in the same position as beauty. Confidence, by society has been changed to be a quality in which anyone can radiate through their â€Å"swag. † In reality, just like beauty not everyone can radiate confidence. Christopher Cardoso reported, â€Å"Confidence and positive self-image is just a balance of hormones. Oxytocin is responsible for what a lot of us think is confidence around our peers. † Beauty is the same way, â€Å"It turns out standards of beauty are not only the same across individuals and cultures, they are also innate.We are born with the notion of who’s beautiful and who’s not† (Satoshi Kanazawa). In fact studies have shown that infants (w ho have had no environmental exposure) stare at the faces of adults that are considered beautiful by other adults longer than those who are not considered beautiful. An infant is incapable of developing perceptual knowledge based on its environment about what is aesthetically pleasing. Without determining the effects and causes of this definition, it would be unjust to define beauty as a perceptual quality that is a product of innate human design.Models starve to be perceived as beautiful, while others make a living on determining who will be considered aesthetically pleasing. The society in which we live in from Australia to the United States all puts beautiful people and items on a pedestal. Unfortunately, because beauty is not in the eyes of the beholder, people will search their whole lives to become roles in society that require beauty. Devoted to a lost cause, some will never be successful. Beauty has become an industry of manipulators that try to prove to those who were not b orn with the innate quality of beauty that synthetic things can get them there.In societies that can sometimes over look individuals’ feelings and emotions, a scientific definition of beauty might appear harsh. This explains why alternate definitions have shown prevalence, with beauty as a subjective concept. As it can be useful to define beauty in terms of the â€Å"beholder,† it is more important to recognize a definition that is scientifically proven. It is important that individuals can accept that beauty is in fact a perceptual quality, but one that is a product of innate human design. Works Cited Cardoso, Christopher. â€Å"Hormone Oxytocin Nasal Spray Makes People More Sociable and Confident. IsaA? de. N. p. , 5 Oct. 2012. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. . Denis Dutton: A Darwinian Theory of Beauty. Perf. Denis Dutton and Andrew Park. TED Conferences, LLC, n. d. Seminar. TED: Ideas worth Spreading. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Psychology Today: Health, Help, Happiness Find a Therapist. † Psychology Today: Health, Help, Happiness Find a Therapist. N. p. , n. d. Web. 05 Nov. 2012. .

Fairchild Water Technologies, Inc. Essay

I. INTRODUCTION Fairchild Water Technologies was founded in 1980 by Eugene Fairchild. The company’s first product was a desalinator used by mobile home parks in Florida to remove salt from well water supplied to residents. As the desalinator became a huge success, the company expanded into the coastal region’s adjacent to the company’s headquarters in Tampa, Florida, and then to desert areas in the southwestern United States. By 2002, they had expanded their product lines to include desalinators, particle filters, ozonators, ion exchange resins, and purifiers. Their products were generally priced higher than their competitors, but regarded to be superior in terms of performance and quality. In the year 2000, Fairchild Water Technologies was expected to have revenues of $400 million, and an estimated profit of $50 million. For the past five years, they posted a 12 percent growth in their annual sales. In 1985, the company managed to start its exports to Mexico, Belize, and later to water bottlers in Germany. By 1990, due to the rapid growth in export sales, the company established its International Division. Sales in the International Division grew to $140 million in 2000. About 50 percent of International sales came from Latin and South America, $30 million from Europe, and $40 million from South Asia and Australia. In 1995, the company’s Frankfurt, Germany office stressed the need to develop and market products that target consumer households. The first idea was to develop a home water filter. By late 1995, the company was able to develop two models that were designed in the U.S. and introduced in Germany, Poland, Hungary, Romania, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. The products were greatly successful. But, the quality of water in developing countries required a purifier instead of filters. Thus, in late 1999, company executives initiated the development of a water purifier which was given the brand name â€Å"Delight†. The Delight purifier was able to remove â€Å"reasonable levels† of sediments, organic and inorganic chemicals, microbials, cysts, and unpleasant tastes and odors. Reasonable levels are those described by several World Health Organization (WHO) reports as appropriate for potable waters. Also, engineers had repeatedly assured Mr. Chatterjee, the company’s international liaison, that laboratory testing showed no product failure after 5,000 hours of continuous use. Chatterjee used his expertise in the Indian market to direct engineers into pursuing a â€Å"point of use† design instead of a â€Å"point of entry† design. Moreover, Chatterjee provided engineers with some recommendations such as the ability to add a small battery that will act a power source in case of power failure. Additional recommendations included the ability to add fluoride, vitamins, and flavors, flow rates, dimensions, and storage capacity. Through consumer surveys, Chatterjee was able to determine a market preference for the countertop design over the wall- mount design. II MARKETING ISSUES Fairchild Water Technologies is seeking to enter the Indian Market in the water purifier product category. They have had a successful track record in designing and marketing home purifiers in European and South American Markets. In this case, they are trying to enter the market in a developing market that is in the process Liberalization. Accordingly, they are facing multiple marketing issues that are critical for the success or failure of their product. The list of marketing issues includes the following: 1. Select to forgo any entry into the Indian market 2. Enter the market under a licensing agreement 3. Enter the market by utilizing a joint venture and a skimming pricing method 4. Enter the market by utilizing a joint venture and a penetration pricing method In addition to these primary marketing issues, Fairchild Water Technologies had to decide whether they want to target urban areas or rural areas where the quality of water is poorer and where 80% of the population lives. It was  determined earlier that the company would forgo the rural opportunity for now, due to the lack of a much needed infrastructure. Also, the company established an approach to manufacture in India, where labor is much cheaper when compared to the United States. However, the company would import few components that are critical for operations. Finally, it was recommended that Fairchild should seek an Indian partner that is big enough to have a distribution and manufacturing infrastructure, but not too large where it commands the direction of the product line. III. SITUATION ANALYSIS TASKS A. Buyer Behavior Many Indians emphasize the need for and improved water quality. Newspapers, consumer advocates, government officials, and the general public are aware of the poor quality of Indian water. The majority of Indians have no choice but to consumer the water that is accessible to them. But, better educated, wealthier, and health-conscious Indians took some measures to improve the quality of water that is consumed by their families. It is estimated the number of such households is around 40 million. Health-conscious households are similar to middle- and upper-middle class households in the U.S. and Europe. They cherish convenience and product variety, and consider consumption of material goods as a means to higher quality of life. Moreover, Chatterjee’s research suggests that product performance was important consumers. Some product characteristics that were cited include the ability to remove sediments, bacteria and viruses, capacity, safety, and foot print space. Purchase price was important for market segments that boiled water, boiled and filters, or only filtered their water. The third most important factor was the ease of installation and service, along with style and appearance. The least important factor was warranty and the availability of financing. Finally, there was an agreement among all segments that the purifier should have a warranty between 18 and 24 months, and to perform between 5 and 10 years without any issues. B Customer Segmentation The Indian market could be segmented by consumer’s ability and willingness to use a water purification device. Research shows that there are 40 million households that include middle- and upper middle class families, that value quality and a European / American lifestyle. In addition there is an untapped market segment in the rural areas that have a need for water purifiers, but are either isolated or do not have the means to buy a water purifier. C Competitive Market Mainly, Fairchild Water Technologies will be competing for market share with companies that manufacture and sell water purifiers. But, there is also a need to address competitive methods that are currently being used by health-conscious Indian consumers. For instance, fifty percent of the target market utilizes a traditional method to purify water. A maid, cook, or family member would boil two to five liters of water, allow it to cool, and transfer the bottles to a refrigerator. Boiling water is seen as inexpensive, effective against dangerous bacteria, and ingrained in people’s traditions. In fact, many consumers consider it to be more effective than any other product on the market. However, boiling affected the tastiness of water and made it â€Å"flat†. Also, boiling was considered to be burdensome, time-consuming, and ineffective in removing physical residues and unpleasant odors. Ten percent of this target market took an extra step and boiled water through â€Å"candle filters†, despite knowing that recontamination could occur. At the same time, about 40 percent of the target market used a mechanical device to improve the quality of water. Half of this group used candle filters because of their low price and ease of use. The candle filter is made of two containers that sit on top of each other; the top container has one or more porous ceramic cylinders known as candles. Candle filters stored between 15 and 25 liters of water and cost between Rs. 350 for small plastic  models to Rs. 1,100 for a large stainless-steel model. However, candle filter were slow, required cleaning, and needed candle replacement at least once per year. Half of consumers that work on improving the quality of their water use â€Å"water purifiers†, which are considered to be more sophisticated than traditional candle filters. Water purifiers utilize three processing stages. First, sediments are removed, followed by odors and colors, and finally bacteria and viruses. While Fairchild’s engineers were skeptical about the efficiency of these products, they agreed that they are more helpful than candle filters. In fact, candle filters were proven to be ineffective in removing bacteria and viruses. Water purifiers were made from stainless steel and sold anywhere between Rs. 2,000 and Rs. 7,000. Ten percent of the target market did not use any of these procedures and thought that their water quality was acceptable. Overall, Catterjee believed that 90 percent of the target market could be induced to change their current purification method. In addition to traditional water purification methods, it was determined that almost 100 companies competed for share in the Indian home water filters and purifiers market. The most established water purifier was Eureka Forbes, which was established in 1982 as a joint venture between a Swedish company and an Indian company. The company marketed water purifiers, vacuum cleaners, mixers, and grinders. Aquaguard, the brand name used for purifiers, was highly established and many consumers mistakenly used it to refer to the entire product category. Aquaguard was the market leader, but its manufacturing company had introduced a new product called â€Å"Puresip† that used polyiodide resin instead of ultraviolet rays to kill bacteria and viruses, which meant that water, could be stored for later use. Also, â€Å"Puresip† did not require any electricity to operate, but it was sold in small home appliance stores instead of a direct sales force. Aquaguard sold for approximately R s. 5,500, while Puresip sold for 2,000. Puresip sales were growing at a much faster rate than Aquaguard. Aquaguard was mounted on a kitchen wall, and required plumbing and a two  meter long power source. The unit would stop functioning if power supply dropped to 190 volts or lower. The flow rate was considered to be slow at one liter per minute, and had enough carbon to last only for one week. Aquaguard targeted households that make more than Rs. 70,000 per year, and spent 11% of its sales revenues (Rs. 120 million) on sales activities; about Rs. 100 million were spent on sales commissions, and about Rs. 1 million was spent on advertising. Eureka Forbes was well established, had a highly motivated and well managed sales force. However, they had limited reach in rural areas that represents 80% of the country’s population. Another direct competitor is Ion Exchange and its home water purifiers with the brand name ZERO-B (Zero-Bacteria). In 1985, the company became a wholly owned Indian company, and it serves customers in a diverse group of industries including thermal power stations, fertilizers, refineries, textiles, automobiles, and home water purifiers. Zero-B used a halogenated resin technology that was able to remove impurities, eliminated odors and tastes with carbon, and killed bacteria using iodine. The unit stored 20 liters of water for eight hours without the risk of recontamination, and sold for Rs. 2,000, but required a yearly replacement of halogenated resin at Rs. 200. Chatterjee estimated the Zero-B had about 7% market share, and lacked consumer awareness, had limited distribution, and limited advertising. There were rumors that Zero-B intended to implement door-to-door sales strategy with an expected marketing expenditure of Rs. 3 million. The third and most recent competitor to enter the Indian market was Singer, a subsidiary of the Singer Company located in the United States. The company provides a variety of products to the Indian market such as sewing machines, irons, mixers, toasters, and color televisions. The company had estimated sales of about Rs. 900 million. The Singer Company manufactured a home purifier called â€Å"Aquarius†. The product sold for Rs. 4,000, required no electricity, had a single countertop model, had a flow rate of 3.8 liters per minute, and a life span of 4 to 6 years. The product looked impressive, according to Chatterjee, and was  described as â€Å"state of the art† by a trade article. The resin used by Aquarius was developed by NASA and was proven 100 percent effective against bacteria and viruses. Aquarius had hoped to sell 40,000 units over the next two years. Singer’s distribution channels were superior to competitors and included 210 company owned showrooms located in major urban areas around the country. The product was also sold by 3,000 independent dealers, who were supplied by 70 distributors. Distributors earned a margin of 12 percent of the retail price, while dealers earned a margin of 5 percent. Along with many other products, Zero-B and singer accounted for 60,000 units in sales for the year 2000, while the remaining 190,000 units were sold by Aquarius and Puresip. E SWOT 1 Strengths a. Proven track record in exploring and entering new markets b. Superior product quality c. Market knowledge and ability to produce innovative products 2. Weaknesses a. Lack of knowledge about the Indian market b. Large segments in the market live in remote areas c. Variable needs in the market, depending on the city or metropolitan area d. Lack of established manufacturing and distribution capabilities 3. Opportunities a. Return on assets in India averages 18% compared to 11% in the U.S. b. Low wages, and central location to wealthier South Asian Countries c. Liberalization trends in India and market development d. There is no significant dominance by one brand 4. Threats a. Legal environment and expensive litigation b. Large number of competitors c. Some established brands with extensive knowledge about the Indian market IV. STRATEGY A. Strategy recommendation & decision a. Select to forgo any entry into the Indian market ADVANTAGES Avoid the risk of entering the market in a developing country, where there is still some uncertainty about the extent of economic liberalization. Avoid competing with over 100 products that are currently available in India. Expand market presence in countries such as Mexico, Germany, Poland, etc. DISADVANTAGES Forgo the opportunity to sell products for over 40 million households. Lose the opportunity to have large profit margins Lose the opportunity to manufacture in a country where labor is cheap Limited market presence in South Eastern Asia, where the majority of the world’s population lives. Increase market presence and brand awareness. b Enter the Indian market under a licensing agreement ADVANTAGES Low capital investment is required Higher return on investment and lower amount of risk Huge market potential and opportunities to expand in rural areas DISADVANTAGES Limited control of the manufacturing and distribution process Forgo the potential of large gains in exchange of a royalty fee Limited exposure to the selling process in a developing market Limited ability to manufacture additional product lines c Enter the Indian market through a joint venture and by utilizing a skimming pricing approach ADVANTAGES Larger potential gains and a 50/50 split in profits Ability to influence manufacturing and distribution strategies Ability to expand into rural areas and increase manufacturing capacity Develop a market knowledge for growing and developing economies DISADVANTAGES Requires a large investment Higher prices than competitors Uncertainty of markets in developing countries High competition d Enter the Indian market through a joint venture and by utilizing a penetration pricing approach ADVANTAGES Profits are split between the two companies Ability to control manufacturing and distribution Developing market with large potential Higher margins and low manufacturing costs Gain market exposure and proximity to emerging economies DISADVANTAGES Requires a large capital investment Uncertainty of developing markets Lower pricing strategy and lower contribution margin per unit sold Ability to find the right company to partner with Recommended Plan of Action: Fairchild Water Technologies should pursue a licensing agreement with an Indian company. B Goals and Objectives a. Pursue a licensing agreement with a partner that is able to sell at least 75,000 per year b. Increase sales by 10 % on an annual basis C Target Market The target markets for Fairchild Water Technologies are the 40 million households in India, which cherish a comfortable, convenient, and healthy lifestyle, and are similar in many aspects to middle- and upper-middle class households in the U.S. and Europe. Also, Fairfield Water Technologies should target consumers that move from lower to middle class, as the Indian market develops and continues to grow. D Marketing Mix a. Product / Price Strategy Fairchild Water Technologies should manufacture a portable purifier that offers Indian consumers the convenience and effectiveness of a quality purifier. The purifier should have a backup battery, a selling price of Rs. 5,000, and a proven ability to kill bacteria/viruses, fast flow rate, and allow for the ability of storing water without the risk of contamination. b. Distribution and Sales By entering into a licensing agreement, Fairchild Water Technologies decreases the amount of risk, but it has less control over the distribution and sales of its product. Fairchild could seek a partner that is willing and have the capability to sell 75,000 units on an annual basis, with a 10% increase in the units sold for every year. This approach would still guarantee Fairchild Water Technologies some sizable profits. c. Advertising and Promotion By selecting a licensing strategy, Fairchild Water Technologies would not commit itself into having an advertising budget. On the other hand, the licensee would be obliged to advertise the product in order to meet the minimum quota for annual sales. This allows Fairchild to have an average profit of 300 Rs without committing any resources into salaries or advertising budget. E Control Plan The licensing agreement would adopt a language that guarantees Fairchild Water Technologies annual sales of 75,000 units, with a 10% increase in units sold thereafter. The agreement should have an opt out clause for both parties after three years, while holding the licensee to infringe on the technology and patent if they choose to opt out of the agreement. Fairchild must monitor sales on a monthly basis, and conduct meetings in order to ensure that sales in the Indian market are heading in the right direction.

Apple Value Chain Analysis

Value Chain Analysis Before making a strategic decision, it is important for Apple to understand how its activities or products create values for customers. One way to do this is to conduct a value chain analysis (VCA). VCA â€Å"refers to the idea that a company is a chain of activities for transforming inputs into outputs that customers value. The process of transforming inputs into outputs compromises a number of primary and support activities† (Hill and Jones, 2001, p. 133). Each value is considered to be a source of competitive advantage. In the analysis, the company is being examined exclusively.SUPPORT ACTIVITIES Infrastructure Apple has an unprecedented cash position; in fact, the most cash held by any technological company (Schubarth C. , 2011). It has 97. 6 billion US dollar in cash (Schonfeld E. , 2012) and this allows the company to internally finance any development and expansion without cost of capital. Furthermore, Apple is working on reducing its greenhouse gas emissions that is used in production and transportation by redesigning its packaging relying on renewable energy (O’Reilly J. , 2009). Apple has a multi-functional structure that is flat to allow more flexibility (Apple Inc. 2012). As well as casual dress codes to allow effectiveness and to promote quick decision making and innovation. Human Resource Management Apple is following a lean management style and the philosophy of â€Å"having less is more†. Also Case Study will describe why Apple Inc. is a very successful company.That is Apply intentionally understaffing in order to be more productive and innovative (Sullivan, J. , 2011). Apple, also, has a selective hiring process to attract talented employees. Moreover, Apple offer a generous employee benefit program; as a result, pulling and retaining the industry leading those talented employees to promote the company (Masi B. 2009, p. 13). Technological Development Apple spend enormous amount of money on its Research and Development in order to push innovation further; thus stay ahead of competition. According to figures published in Apple’s 2012 annual report, R&D expenditure hits 3. 4 billion US dollars which is nearly 40% increase than 2011 (Brodjanac D. , 2012). Apple as well protects its invention and innovation worldwide by filling patent. Procurement Since Apple is a member of the Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition (EICC), it works to guarantee fair treatment f or its workers.In addition, Apple developed an ecosystem of suppliers to benefits from its strong relationships by keeping them close (Masi B. , 2009, p. 13). By doing that, it enables Apple to obtain its products and services within limited timeframe (Apple Inc. , 2012). Apple, occasionally, evaluates its relationships and enhances its suppliers’ ecosystem if needed. Moreover, Apple introduced a Supplier Diversity Program which is mainly for supporting any potential suppliers. This facilitates the visibility of these suppliers and develops the future relationships (Apple Inc. , 2012)PRIMARY ACTIVITIES Inbound Logistics Apple has a partnership with OEM in order to reduce development time, production, material and manufacturing costs. However, Apple supervises the entire process to control its quality (Francisco T. , 2011). Operations Apple outsourced to various Chinese manufacturers in order to employ its economy of scale; as a result eliminate the burden of production manage ment. Apple, also, cooperate with other companies including HP and Samsung (Sherman E. , 2012). Furthermore, Apple designs its products in-house to eliminate production cost (Masi B. 2009, p. 14). Outbound Logistics Apple’s products are being delivered directly to its retail stores around the world to minimize inventory cost. To trim down shipping costs, Apple’s designing team developed packagings that are slim and light yet productive (Apple, 2012). Marketing and Sales Television commercial, online ads and print advertisements campaigns have been successful in promoting the Apple’s products and services. Apple has a branding strategy that is emotions’ focused, humorous and simplicity.The ads theme is about lifestyle; innovation, imagination and aspiration (Masi B. , 2009, p. 14). In addition, Apple has a secretive strategy concerning new products or services in order to create suspension and publicity. It, also, sells its products to schools and universi ties; thus creating an exposure for the product or the service (Inside CRM, 2009). Services Having a great customer experience is fundamental priority for any businesses. Apple is a great example of customer focused; it believes that customer loyalty is a great strength to the company.Apple Genius Bar is one of its main services where customers get the best face to face support (Apple, 2012). Moreover, customers are always welcome for free consultation concerning any issues. Apple, in addition, offer one year warranty and customers then have the choice to purchase an extension warranty (Masi B. , 2009, p. 13). ALL http://www. scribd. com/doc/24134877/Strategic-Analysis-of-Apple-Inc-Brian-Masi Procurement http://www. apple. com/procurement/ Technological http://www. decryptedtech. om/news/apple-increasing-their-investments-in-research-and-development. html HR http://www. ere. net/2011/09/12/talent-management-lessons-from-apple-a-case-study-of-the-worlds-most-valuable-firm-part-1-of-3 / Infra. http://www. bizjournals. com/sanjose/news/2011/07/21/apples-cash-pile-up-16-to-762b. html http://techcrunch. com/2012/01/24/apple-97-6-billion-cash/ http://www. inboundlogistics. com/cms/article/how-green-is-apple/ Marketing & sales http://www. insidecrm. com/articles/crm-blog/11-effective-strategies-apple-uses-to-create-loyal-customers-53510/ Operation

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Random Numbers - Essay Example While practicing the use of random numbers it is highly advisable to choose few random number generators that have an acceptable reputation. Indeed, deriving an excellent random number is still a plight since computation of a series of random numbers cannot be generated by computers. True random numbers generation has turned to be one of the important factors in the increasing levels of innovation. The increase in innovation has made the developing of algorithms that generate random numbers that entail all properties of being true random numbers (Haule, 2014) Malcolm (2010) argues that all output produced by the machines including computers today are totally predictable hence making it impossible for them to generate true random numbers. In today’s world there are various methods of generating random numbers being used. Various methods have been innovated to produce true random numbers and they include use of radioactive decay or quantum system, Lehmer’s multiplicative congruently algorithm from which lots of random number generators are based, pseudo-random generators which are simple and when used together with Monte Carlo or multidimensional integration give a much satisfying result. There are several others like the numerical inversion method which is mostly used to generate Gaussian distributed random numbers. From a real experience of random number generating machine that is online, the resultant random number is quite unpredictable from the start. A continuous use of the random number generator revealed a slight clue of predictability as the results seemed to be shifting towards the larger integer out of the two keyed in. This could probably be due to the narrow integral limit of the numerical algorithm. Pseudo-random generator being one of the easiest random number generators to use and being readily available in various libraries is an excellent generator and is used by several institutions in the globe. They

Business case studies Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business studies - Case Study Example Specific performance may therefore be granted in the event that the court can identify the elements and that no vitiating factor exists in a case. Further, in case of existence of a vitiating factor, the party with an advantage over the factors must have not rescinded the contract of must not have such intentions. An agreement between the two parties, consideration, contractual capacity, and legality of the subject matter must be met and the process of creating the contract must be free from duress, undue influence, misrepresentation, and fraud (Goldman and Sigismond 129). In addition to establishing existence of a contract for determination of breach, the required performance must meet rules of specific performance. A party qualifies for a specific performance remedy if other equitable remedies are not sufficient to cover the damage of breach of contract. Examples are in cases of specific property of in contract of service that include execution of talent. Artwork such as paintings is an example of performances that warrant specific performance. A court is also likely to award specific performance if it is able super to supervise performance. Ability to identify the performance and nature of supervision determines this. In the case of Co-operative v Argyll Stores (Holdings) Ltd (1997), for example, the courts acknowledged need for specific performance but declined to award it because the performance would require constant supervision from the courts. Another significant factor in specific performance is that it is awarded at the court’s discretion (Kelly, Hayward, Hammer and Hendy 310). The case of General against Honi identifies existence of a contract that agreement between the two parties, contractual capacity, implied consideration, and legality of the subject matter support. The scope of the contract identifies specific commodity

Administration of Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Article

Administration of Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine to Parents of High-Risk Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit - Article Example The feasibility study was conducted to measure the role vaccination in the parents in controlling the infection of pertussis on the susceptible infants. This type of epidemiological study was applied because vaccination of the parents and adults, who are in constant contact with the infants is still not considered as one of the essential means of controlling the spread the pertussis in the infants. Identification of measures of prevention of the transmission of Bordetella Pertussis to young infants was the key factor of the study. The study was designed to explore whether the vaccination of parents was also one of the contributing factors in the increasing incidence of pertussis amongst infants. Bordetella Pertussis has become one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality amongst the infants. It is assumed that the parents may also be the most important carrier of Pertussis virus and the result of the study would encourage vaccination of parents and adults as a major preventive measure to control the spread of pertussis amongst the vulnerable infants. The article highlights the probable sources of infections and focuses on vaccination of parents so the infants can be safeguarded against the dreaded disease. The study was conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit of Stony Brook University Medical Center, New York from July 1, 2007 to October 30, 2007. During the period, 358 infants with gestational age ranging from 23 weeks to 42 weeks were admitted into NICU and 495 of 592 eligible parents were offered vaccination. 430 parents agreed to participate in the program. The nursing and other staff was adequately prepared to disseminate information regarding risks and benefits of the immunization e program. The vaccination was carried out as per the guidelines of the TdaP vaccine of Sanofi Pasteur, France. Consent forms with pertinent information like parents age, infants age, apgar score, race, discharge date, vaccine lot

Understanding of Chinese Paintings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Understanding of Chinese Paintings - Essay Example The essay "Understanding of Chinese Paintings" examines he ways that written texts such as poems, inscriptions, or theoretical writings can change our understanding of Chinese paintings. The great monumental landscape Autumn Mountains at Dusk, attributed to Guan Tong, was one such an example. This work was a visual representation on one of the famous Tang poets Li Bai's poem The Road to Shu is Hard. Paintings and written texts are used together to give more meaning and interpretation to the paintings, which could otherwise be interpreted. While considering the poem above, poetry could be considered as a vocal painting while painting could be considered as visual poetry. Viewers could feel about the winding and steepness of the road to Shu. From the poem, readers could get more information. The hard road to Shu is a metaphoric representation of the hardness of engaging in politics and the turbulence faced by the Empire. These indications could not easily be noticed by just looking at the painting. Some paintings were created to take record of important events. For this kind of paintings, there usually were inscription beside to indicate the event. For example, Cranes of Good Omen attributed to Emperor Huizong. This was a handscroll of both painting and inscription on it. This was an event of 20 cranes appeared in the sky. Even two of them standing on the top of the building. Huizong recorded this kind of miracle day by himself using both inscription and painting. Readers could get the information.

Roles in Our Everyday Life Essay Example for Free

Roles in Our Everyday Life Essay In our everyday life, every person plays or carries more than one role. Our lives have become demanding. One role would not accomplish our goals from day to day. Carrying different roles also will mold us into stronger, more independent individuals. Each role is different and carries its challenges. Three roles that I carry are a parent, a wife, and a child. I would say out of these three roles being a mother is the most difficult and challenging. First role and most important role to me is being a mother. As a mother I have to care for my children’s needs, safety, health concerns, and daily needs. My children are my life, which is why it is the most important role. To care for a child and provide for their needs is demanding and stressful. I have learned how to juggle between what they need constantly and balance my other roles and accomplish my goals. The best tool to succeed in carrying different roles as a mother is multi-tasking. A mothers’ full day of work is getting my children up and ready for school on time. Help them with homework questions. Install morals and the difference between wrong and right. Encourage them to make correct decisions when I am not there. Help them understand life may not be fair and things may not go our way but we learn from our mistakes and move on. Being a mother has made me a stronger person, more independent, and more understanding and passionate. Children have a way of breaking the person we are and molding us into the way we should be. An example would be my daughter has asthma and her health condition requires complete and constant care. Caring for or stopping an asthma attack while helping my other children requires prioritizing to obtain the best outcome. A mother can balance school functions, doctor appointments, cooking dinner, paying bills, shopping, cleaning the house, laundry, as well as other roles we play. All of the demands for a mother also fall in the same category as a wife which is our next role. Being a wife has taught me having a companion, partner; friend in life can also be a challenge. Couples will have disagreements, but being role models are a crucial part of life. You also have to become familiar with the person you commit too. You learn their likes and dislike, as well as, what kind of person they are. Marriage is a never-ending learning experience. An example is being there for my husband in sickness/health, supporting his career; or simply standing behind him in all things. This includes even at time when he may be wrong. Behind every good man is a good woman. A perfect example of this is my husband is a veteran. He served his time in the military and school and works to provide for our family. During the time he was in the military we were never in one location, I did not complain I supported him in his duty to our country. Although, his service to our country; required him to leave his family, to be deported to Afghanistan. He was fighting for our freedom and rights. My husband may not have been around at times when I needed him but he was there in mind, spirit and heart which is what pulled me through the difficult time of deployment. Again, this is another role that molded me into a more independent and stronger individual. My final role in life is being a child. It is funny we start out as a child, grow into adults, become parents; but we will always remain mommy or daddy’s little girl/boy. When we are growing up we don’t think about getting in trouble or the consequences. When we become parents we look back and appreciate what our parents taught us so we may pass it on to our children. Our parents care for us as we are children then the roles reverse and we care for our parents when we are older. Now that I look back I can see me in my mothers’ eyes. I think back when I was a child and remember how hard it was for my mother to care for me and my siblings and the roles she played in my childhood. One challenge as a child I remember my mother faced, was when I was 11 months old and my mother cared for me, my sister, and my brother after losing my dad. It brought more challenges for her and more roles as a woman, and mother. My mother has always said things in life happen for a reason, we don’t understand why but in the end everything works out for the best. I can remember my mother caring for her children, working to provide for us, caring for our everyday needs while sacrificing her needs. My mother has showed my through life you do the best you can, always be yourself, and stick to your morals. With this advice you can go anywhere and be anything in life you set your mind too. Now that I am a mother, wife, and my mother’s child I get to apply the lessons she has taught us to my roles. Full filing many different roles in life is challenging, hard, complicated, and may be stressful. We learn in life to handle these as they come along and our end result is something we hold the result too. Through life we can offer advice, recommendations, and support to our children who will have a challenging life ahead of them with today’s society and its steady decline. In the end, I would not take anything for the life, lessons, morals, support, and journey I have walked but look back and be proud of the individual I have accomplished.

The true impact racism has on people in our society Essay Example for Free

The true impact racism has on people in our society Essay The blacks are considered by the white society as worthless slaves who have no choice but to be a housemaid or slave. Racism has been a popular issue for many years, and has caused many blacks to suffer because of their outward appearance. Aibileen faces as a victim to racial comments in the movie â€Å"The Help† directed by Tate Taylor which took place in the 1960’s in Jackson, Mississippi. Aibileen is a maid. African American housemaid who has just experienced the loss of her son and has raised about 17 children as a maid. Blacks did not have the equal rights like the white society caused many to have education for money. This essay will show to a large extent the struggles Aibileen goes through, and through camera angles, dialogue, it will provide in detail why Tate Taylor used Aibileen to communicate to the viewers the problem of racism has on our society. Racism has caused blacks to differ from the white society. The impact of racism back in 1960s Jackson, Mississippi provides the struggle of an individual name Aibileen an African American house maid through a white society. Aibileen in scene one talks about how she lost her only son and was left laying dead in front of a white hospital. As a mother their responsibility is to protect and ensure the child’s safety is their first priority. Tate Taylor uses a point of view shot on the wall in scene one which sows the picture of her son and a frame of Jesus Christ to enable the viewers to see how severe the issue about racism can lead to. The blacks are treated unfairly and the white society takes advantage of the situation by ensuring blacks would be their maid to do their dirty work. In scene two you see a mid and long shot was used on Aibileen and Mae Mobley. It allows the viewers to see the foreshadow between scene one and scene two when she loses her son, and comforting the baby girl she looks after. Tate Taylor suggests by using a lo ng shot on them shows the sense of loss Aibileen has experienced ascertain the idea of sympathy towards Aibileen. When problems become piled up one by one you start to realize the only way through it is standing up for yourself. In the get together party in scene three a few girls all had a reunion which we see Skeeter joining in. Hilly makes a racist remark on black people carrying  diseases which Aibileen can clearly hear from a distance. A point of view shot was used from Skeeter to Aibileen to see her reaction towards Hilly’s comment. This camera angle was used clearly to express the disappointment on Aibileen’s face and how racism can hurt others mentally and emotionally. As the scene went on the maids are at first reluctant to talk to Skeeter because the result of them losing their jobs and violence can affect their families. Aibileen was first to tell her stories which foreshadowed their way out to starting a new life. By the end of the film when Skeeter books are finally published, Aibileen loses her job and walks off. Tate Taylor uses an establishing shot while Aibileen walks off to indicate to the viewers that while she is leaving she is also starting a new life. This angle was used effectively to deliberately allow the viewers to see that a fresh new start is what Aibileen really needs. Dialogue gives the viewers a vital idea of decisions made by Aibileen. Dialogue is crucial because it provides us with tension and suspense to what is going to happen. Aibileen from the beginning in scene one knew she would become a maid. She saws â€Å"my mama was a maid; my grandmamma was a house slave†. Back in 1960’s in Jackson, Mississippi the blacks ever want was fair treatment towards their society. Skeeter is used by Tate Taylor to provide the viewers the perspective of Aibileen as a black house maid. For many, blacks are afraid to stand up for what they believe in but Aibileen says to Hilly â€Å"All you do scare and lie to dry and get what you want: Hilly is used by the director to be the antagonist of the film and this quote by Aibileen shows the tension and anger that was bottled up inside Aibileen. â€Å"I aint never had no white person in my house† shows the contrast between both the white and the black society. Dialogue is very crucial for communication which allows the viewers to understand and critically know the situation in the film â€Å"The Help†. At the last scene of the film Hilly persuades Elizabeth to fire Aibileen as her housemaid. The quotes â€Å"My boy Trelaw said we gonna have a writer in the family on day, I guess it’s gonna be me† This establishes the struggles of Aibileen and portrays the idea that maybe one day she could retell the painful she experience she encountered as a housemaid. Dialogues show many views and angles and establish conflict and tension to effectively show a critical issue between Aibileen and the white society that surrounds her. In conclusion: Racism is an issue that still happens to this very day and is  something most people all have witnessed. Like the Film â€Å"The Help† racism has a big influence on people in our society we live in today and through dialogue and camera techniques, Tate Taylor uses it effectively to help communicate the struggles of Aibileen as an individual but with support and faith she overcomes the obstacles that society throws at her.

Community Relations of MAS holdings

Community Relations of MAS holdings In any company, the greatest challenge is managing the business. To support this end, a companys relationship with the community plays a pivotal role. In terms of corporate social responsibility MAS Holdings has done a considerable amount of work towards uplifting Sri Lankans in a social context. It has also worked to retain customer attraction through achieving their targets and maintaining customer compliance standards by ensuring the employees work in a safe working environment. This report illustrates MAS Holdings relationship with the community and provides recommendations for improving community group relationships for business well-being. Company Background MAS Holdings is a company, which has focused on the apparel manufacturing business for the last 20 years. It has great success to date with a consolidated turnover of approximately more than 400 million USD and has a massive growth in operations. The majority of the success has been achieved within the US market, which accounts for almost 60% of sales. Europe and UK provides the majority of the balance. In terms of customer focus, the company gains 50-55% of turnover from Victoria Secret, 14% from Gap another 10% from Marks Spencer. In terms of global presence, the company is present in more than 5 locations globally, including China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Mexico, India, Hong Kong, United Kingdom, Maldives and US. The company is made of multiple investments mostly in the form of joint ventures in Intimate Apparel Manufacturing, Elastic Manufacturing, Knit Fabrics, Lace, Bra Accessories and recently Design Development. Key stakeholders and their level of influence and impact on the company 2a). Benefits of stakeholders analysis for MAS Holdings Undertaking a taking stakeholder analysis benefits the company as follows, Opportunity to identify the interest of the all stakeholders on the company Recognizing the groups that affect or affected by the company The power level of each stakeholder and ways to reduce negative impact on the company Identifying the stakeholders who have decrease association with MAS and getting them involved in company events at particular stages Identify potential issues that might disrupt the company It also helps to visualize the risk factors and plan strategic responses 2b). Key community groups and their impact on the company Stakeholder mapping provides insight in to which parties have the most impact on the company (See appendix 2). Described below is the influence and impact of each stakeholder. CEO and The Board of Directors (High Interest + High Power) This includes companys major players and potential stakeholders. In it consists of the chairperson, Mahesh Amalean and the board of directors which includes the other two Amalean brothers and 7 directors. (Refer appendix 2 figure) From the beginning MAS was a benchmark for being a superior employer. All the main key players of the company are responsible for sustainability in community development. By looking at the significant steps that have been taken by them to develop the community and their employees it is clear that they have made a big difference. As per Ajay Amalean it was the right thing to do. We had absolutely no idea that 20 years down the road, the things we were doing would be called CSR. Venture Capital and Customers of (High Interest + High Power) According to the power interest mix (Refer appendix 2 Figure 2) there is a clear indication that this is a category with high interest and power. Without these key individuals or groups, such as joint ventures, with Speedo and strategic partners such as Nike, Makes Spencer, Victorias Secret and Gap MAS Holdings part of the business operations would not have its current success. When MS selected MAS for their green manufacturing plant project (As mentioned in appendix 2 page ii) it demonstrated their recognition as a global customer that MAS is an organization that is conscious of environmental and social sustainability. This recognition will results in better relationship with worlds leading brands that are under pressure to maintain sustainability and it will help to maximize the profit of the company by attracting new customers and through customer retention. Employees (High Interest + Low Power) The higher management at MAS Holdings has set its employee objectives which are called as KPIs (Key performance indicators). However the drivers of these main KPIs are the employees themselves. It is noticeable in the Mendelows matrix (Refer appendix 2 Figure 2) this category holds high interest and low power on decision making. This group includes the executives and the machine operators of the company. In MAS, 92% of the employees are women. Focusing the women in the company MAS has launched an empowering program which is called Women Go Beyond (Refer appendix 2 page v). The men, who are working at MAS, enjoy the same benefits as women. These activities result in company growth through employee attraction and retention. Thus recruiting process is easier and the annual labor turnover is much less. As mentioned in appendix 2 these activities also results in higher productivity of operations, which is a one of the main achievements of a manufacturing plant. Community ( Low Interest + Low Power ) As mentioned in the mendelows matrix this category has a low interest and a power, but the company point of view its important to have a close relationship with the communities MAS operators. Hence they need more man power for their operations and its a great advantage when having a close relationship with the community specially in recruiting people and also in retaining them which will be discussed future in the report. How MAS use relationship marketing and approach the community through its concept 3a). Relationship marketing Relationship marketing refers to all marketing activities directed towards establishing, developing and maintaining successful relational exchanges Morgan hunt 1994 It is important to understand the benefits of maintaining good relationships with the community groups. Not only in FMCG companies but also within business to business companies, manufacturing plants benefit by having close relationships with the community groups that are relevant to them through the practice of sustainability within these communities. Though it doesnt have a direct impact on the company with regards to profits, sustainability, helps to increase the company standards, reputation and profits in a way that is mutually beneficial to the community and the company. By developing such enduring relationships the company can gain trust within the community, build employee commitment and loyalty towards the company. These things give long lasting benefits to the company. MAS Holdings is a company that gets these positive results out of such community relationships. 3b). What MAS Holdings does to attract their community groups and reach their hearts When building a relationship it should be done from a combination of Trust, commitment and cooperation. Trust According to Morgan hunt trust is defined as confidence in an exchange partners reliability and integrity Trust can be seen as a long term investment for the business. It works as glue in building business relationships with all stakeholders. Building trust among the customers and suppliers of will allow the MAS business to gain the upper hand to improve business with the US and European countries. In the same way MAS holdings most important resource is labor. As mentioned before 92% of the employees are women. Sri Lankan women are very particular in selecting the working place. Considering the culture, tradition of Sri Lanka, its important for women to have a safe working environment in manufacturing plants which will enhance their trust and the trust of the community. For an instance when started first EPZ in Katunayake and the country is declared as a free trade area most of investors started garment factories in those areas. 90% of the works become women, most or 18 25 of age and they came from rural area of the country, lived in boarding houses near the factory. In this period most of the employees suffered from sexual harassment and assault. They also had long working hours even without prior notice. Breaking through these grey clouds MAS become one of the best employers in Sri Lanka by creating a safe working environment. In addition the Amalean brothers made sure that their work force worked in an air conditioned environment, had free meals, and were given transportation to and from the factory. Commitment This is one the most important element which strengthens relationship marketing. As per Morgan and hunt, commitment is an enduring desire to maintain a valued relationship (Morgan and Hunt 1994, 23) Commitment could be considered in different ways, 1.Commitment towards the organization by the employees, commitment towards the brand or the product also the commitment towards the community etc. In order to foster this commitment MAS Holdings, created incentives based on service period giving gold coins to employees that had completed 5 years of service, providing increments each year so that an employee knew that if they stayed one more year their salary would increase and giving bonuses based on performance which encouraged the employees to be committed to continuous improvement. Co-operation with community groups In order for a business to operate in a geographic location it is important that the people living there are ready to accept the presence of this business. As MAS Holdings has many plants in many locations it has found it useful to co-operate with various community groups in order to establish their presence. For example through the Shadeline factory in the remote area of Mahiyanganaya, various projects were undertaken. These included assistance in building houses funding for primary education and assistance in social welfare. Some of the community assistance was provided through the Buddhist temple in the area which provided access to large portions of the community. Further to that association with the local police and welfare societies provided inroads to the lives of the people. The Level of influence and impact applied by pressure groups on MAS Holdings 4a. Pressure groups Pressure groups are organizations that seek to influence government the public and private business or advance a cause. Often they advance a political or ideological goal. These groups can be placed in to two main categories. Sectional Pressure groups Causal Pressure groups 4b. Sectional Pressure groups Sectional pressure groups represent a section of society. The pressure cause by these groups is often directly beneficial to the members. Religious groups (High impact) -Often in the rural areas of Sri Lanka where several of the MAS Factories are situated the Buddhist temple in that area is the central meeting place and many decisions are made there. MAS as an organization is encouraged to follow the local customs and cultural habits. The Employers Federation (High impact) -is a legal organization that MAS is part of. Adhering to the guidelines set by this organization is beneficial for MAS Holdings goal of ethical hiring and employment 4c. Causal Pressure groups Causal Pressure groups are associated with a set of ideas rather than people. The agendas they pursue may not be directly beneficial to their members. As a member of certain key groups MAS must adhere to standards they set. Some of these are listed below: The Joint Apparel Association Forum (JAAF) (Low impact) is the leading umbrella organization concerning the apparel industry in Sri Lanka. Making Sri Lanka the number one ethical destination for garment manufacturing (the Garments without Guilt initiative) is one of its chief objectives. MAS Holdings is a special invitee to this Forum and is expected to conform to the directives set by this forum. Several sub organizations are part of the JAAF. FAAMA Fabric Apparel Accessory Manufacturers Association FTZMA Free Trade Zone Manufacturers Association NAEA Apparel Exporters Association SLAEA Sri Lanka Apparel Exporters Association SLCGE Sri Lanka Chamber of Garment Exporters SLGBOA Sri Lanka Garment Buying Offices Association Various SBUs of MAS Holdings are involved in many of these sub organizations as well. Worldwide Responsible Accredited Production (WRAP) (High impact) -MAS Holdings is a member of and must adhere to their standards as well. The Board of Investment of Sri Lanka (Low impact) As a member MAS must adhere to certain standards. While these organizations are quite influential in Sri Lanka, MAS has lead the way in Ethical and Responsible employment therefore it is MAS that often sets the standards for these organizations. New communities that MAS can expand their services fro the betterment of the society In the tradition of MAS to lead in the area of CSR in Sri Lanka and sometimes the world, this could be taken for further by analyzing new community groups will always give the opportunity to connect to the community. Its proven that MAS is one of the fast growing companies in the world. Its very important to have a good relationship with the local government, society that they operators since it need more man power and carry out their operations in the respective communities. MAS has been doing all community projects targeting the employees and society such as women go beyond and other CSR activities (Refer appendix 2, page v vi). It needs to look in to future prospect in terms of building a close relationship and the target audiences of the new community groups are, Skilled future generation for Srilanka Target Group -School leavers of MAS employees Providing educational opportunities to the community in areas of English language education and IT Lets learn the importance of environmental sustainability Target Group -Schools (Students) Achieving sustainability Practicing and teaching Environmental sustainability 4 a) Why MAS should choose these two community groups Since MAS is targeting on the community itself it gives greater results to the company and the country when considering future leaders, minds in the country. By providing education which is required in the current business world it helps the young generation to foundation their career paths. By creating a strong and stable generation, it will eventually strengthen the communities of Srilanka, starting from the area that, MAS manufacturing plants operators. This will also benefit the country. When looking company point of view this program will not directly impact, but this will increase imagine and the good will of MAS among the communities which will help the company in recruitments and also in retaining employees. As per the 2nd community group, by helping the schools and spreading the massage about the importance of environmental sustainability by teaching them from their small ages it will give a give impact in their personal lifes as well as the country, environment. Also as mentioned before by establishing the name of MAS in their hearts by doing a worthwhile project to their lifes and the community MAS always be company that is socially responsible. Hence most of the MAS customers are particular on the CRS projects that MAS does, these kinds of projects gives positive marks and will strength the relationship with the customers as one of the responsible suppliers in the world which will attract more customers around the world. 4b Skilled Future generation for Srilanka Providing educational opportunities to the community in areas of English language education and IT MAS competes in the global market and deals mainly with the US and Europe. In order to communicate with its customers the most relevant language is English. No business that is global can survive without information. MAS recognized this need early in the game and is dependent on Information Technology for all information needs both internal and external. While there have been government initiatives to foster the teaching of English and IT these have often failed due to a lack of funding or will power. Having a community that is fluent in English and adept in IT provides MAS with a greater pool of individuals to select from for employment. Before looking at the all the school leavers MAS could target on the family members of employees at MAS. The selection criteria of this could a relative of a employee at MAS, who is 18 -27 age and has completed G.C.E advance level 2 passes and unemployed. While providing primary education to these communities can be carried out by supporting the government initiatives, family members of employees can be chosen out of the community to provide scholarships for further education. In this way MAS can give back to those who support the business while building trust, commitment and sustainability in the community. 4c Lets learn the importance of Environmental sustainability Achieving sustainability Practicing and teaching Environmental sustainability MAS was the first company to recognize the need for Environmental sustainability as a key global concept and put this knowledge into action by creating the first green plant in Sri Lanka. In order to take this message to the community in general MAS will have to create awareness and provide education. Currently there is no provision in the Sri Lankan school curriculum to teach environmental sustainability. Target group could be taken as 15-18 year old students hence it is the best age group that can be thought the importance of environmental sustainability and make it their way of life. To communicate this massage to the selected audience would be schools which are located in the areas that MAS manufacturing plants. As this area of education is most relevant to the future generation it is important that this area of study be included in the Schools curriculum. It is possible that MAS can team up with experts in the field from the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to get government approval and support to introduce this vital area of education. By conducting this program in schools, MAS is creating educated youth to the community and also who will be a example to the society and a person who carries a massage on how important sustainable development. These will also benefits MAS indirectly by establish a reputation among the community which the plant operates. Coordinated Communications mix for new community groups projects In order to have success in these two ventures it will be necessary to have a coordinated communication plan. The communications mix must target all the relevant stakeholders. As these are non-profit initiatives the communications mix must be adapted to suit the situation Internal stakeholders Management, Employees External stakeholders- Community, Government, Partners, Customers 5a. Internal stakeholders Management In order for both these initiatives to be successful the management must be aware of them and back them. As most of the decisions for funding will come from this group of individuals it is recommended that direct contact is made (personal selling) and the use of presentations would be advisable. An e-newsletter sent directly to their e-mail account and linked to a website with Links on Facebook and Twitter will provide them with any additional information they need and provide regular updates on the status of these projects. Management can also form a committee or working group to oversee and monitor the process of teaching and the progress of these initiatives. This group will report back to the management. Employees The employees too can receive the same newsletter and management can communicate the needs and progress to the employees at meetings. Making it possible for the employees to get involved in the teaching programs and funding is also recommended so that there is a greater employee ownership for these initiatives. 5b. External stakeholders Community By far the most effort and resources must go to making the community aware of these initiatives and the benefit thereof. While the employees in the community will take part of the message by word of mouth assuring that the correct communication is conveyed will require further effort on the part of MAS Holdings. At the inception of these initiatives the best option would be to start with a public relations campaign which includes press conferences, announcements at town meetings and branding. Having a Brand ambassador (such as one of the members of the Sri Lankan cricket team that work for MAS and are highly regarded by both urban and rural communities)would give a face to these initiatives. The most important part of these communities are the individuals that will receive the benefits of these programs. The teachers and students will receive their curriculum via an approved government syllabus. But programs and workshops can be organized (personal selling) to assure that quality information is available to theses two groups. Having exams to measure English and IT competency and contests to select the best idea for environmental friendliness with prizes awarded t best student or best idea will assure the students interest in these subjects (promotions). Government The shareholders of MAS have demonstrated their goodwill and capability they will not find it difficult to obtain government approval for these initiatives. Recently the government too took the stand that the way forward is through English education and IT. Furthermore if it is demonstrated to them that environmental sustainability is the way forward they too will join the process of becoming green direct selling is the most efficient method of communication here. Partners A great strength of MAS in carrying out a project is working together with partners who have the expertise. Involving The British Council for English education, Microsofts teaching services for fundamental IT education would provide a first step in these areas. For environmental sustainability United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the Consumer Citizenship Networks (CCN) and the Looking for Likely Alternatives (LOLA) toolkit provide information and know-how. Having joint ventures with the above organizations would be beneficial to MAS and will lean credibility to the efforts. Customers Many customers are interested in the CSR projects undertaken by MAS. In MAS communiquà ©s it is possible to include the websites and social networking sites so that the customers can access more information about these projects. Allowing the customers to get involved through sponsorship will afford them an opportunity to pass on to their customers or the end customer the knowledge that they are not only receiving guilt free environmentally friendly products but also [part of the purchase is going towards community building and the education of the less fortunate. The garments could carry labels such as produced in eco-friendly factories, or your purchase provides for the education of a child in Sri Lanka. Measuring the success of the communications mix for both new community relationships In order to measure the success of the communications mix the standard evaluation criteria must be adapted to reflect the non-profit nature of this venture. Quantitative Measures Managements and employees contribution both financially and through time allocation can be easily quantified. That can then be used as an indicator of the success of the marketing communications. In the long run the number of individuals that are retained by MAS that have attended these programs can be counted and both the success of the internal communication strategy and the success of the programs can be evaluated. Community awareness can be measured by the number of individuals attending the programs. Also the exams that are held for the individuals and the response to the contests will give an indication of the success of the community communication strategy. Using benchmarking tools that the partners have developed over the years it may be possible to measure the success of the communications that have been carried out. For Government, Partners and Customers the main indication of the success of the communication strategy will be their financial participation. Targets must be set for the anticipated contribution and measuring the success of achieving these targets will give a clear indication of the said success. Hits on the website can also be used to quantify interest and communication success. Qualitative Measures Feedback can be obtained from Management and Employees as to their perception of the programs through an e-mail survey. Feedback can also be obtained from the students to ascertain their perceptions and attitudes towards the program. Furthermore community inquiries regarding the program can be accumulated and categorized to measure and determine the success of the communications mix. Conversations with the partners and customers can indicate their observations and thoughts on the endeavor. All this information can be used to measure the success of the marketing mix. Recommendation Continue doing community projects more which will support to sustain the relationship with the community and will also visualize the organization as a good responsible citizen Internally set key performance indicators to measure the amount of CSR projects completed and the quality of the program and the no.of impacts in order to understand value of the programs and can forecast the type programs should given to the community Conduct programs for male members in the company while carrying out women go beyond for the female team members to all employees motivated Manage communication campaigns to the new community groups in a strategic way to attract them to the projects conducted and built trustworthiness among the company Prepare booklets, including CSR projects that has made a difference in the community and also use modern technology to spread the good will of MAS holdings and attract customers Always keep the employees informed on the CRS projects that are done by the company and make feel them that they work for a socially responsible organization Implement a system to collect feedback from all the participants of the CSR projects. Also for new ideas for new projects from employees as well as external groups Conclusion Its very important to maintain a mutually beneficial relationship all the stakeholders since each of them are directly or indirectly involve with the company. MAS has become one of the best multinational companies in terms of business also in community relationships they have maintained. By establishing a good reputation among the communities they operators, local government, customers also the pressure groups it has been easy to execute their business activities anywhere in the country and the world. References Appendix 1 Company Background It was in 1987 when the three brothers, Mahesh, Sherad and Ajay Amaleans took their first step to begin as a small entrepreneurial and to make it one of the largest south Asian intimate apparel manufacture and a competitive sportswear provider in the region. Now a company, with an annual turnover of USD 700 million. MAS Holdings which operates globally includes design studios, and 28 world class manufacturing plants. Thus giving career opportunities for over 45000 people to, excel through their talents and capabilities. MAS Holdings consists of four main divisions namely Intimates, Active, Fabrics, and Investment which are overseen by Corporate Solutions which centralizes the operation in all four strategic business units. Furthermore MAS Holdings has taken a step forward by launching its own lingerie brand Amante in fall 2007 and have made it their strategy to be the premium lingerie brand in Asian region. Vision and the Mission of Vision No.1 preferred partner of the world is leading brands of Intimates Sportswear with a turnover of USD 1Bn by 2010 Mission We provide the worlds leading brands of Intimates Sportswear with reliable innovative design to deliver solutions. Strategic partners and customer portfolio MAS has become one of the strategic vendor for some of the best brands in the world such as Victorias Secret, Nike and Marks Spencer also it services other global brands as Adidas, Reebok, Columbia, Lulu lemon, Banana Republic, Ann Taylor, Lane Bryant, Soma Intimates, GAP and Speedo and much more. Victorias Secret Stores and Nike selected MAS as Vendor Partner of the Year 2006. One of the key factors of MAS success is the ability to forge partnerships with the leaders if the industry such as The Limited Inc,  Triumph International, Speedo International, Stretchline UK, Noyon Dentelles, Prym Intimates Group, Dogi International, Textprint SA and Brandot International. Product range portfolio MAS products can be categorized as below. Competitors of and the market position As a large manufacturing company MAS has international and local competitors. Internationally competitors would be Ace which is a large intimate manufactures in Hong Kong, Clover, Luen Thai which operates in several countries and Tefrone the main competitor in the seamless market and Brandix apparel which is the local rival. Victoria secret positions MAS as their main preferred vendor and the company is regarded as one of the the top 10 intimate manufactures in the world. Analyzing all the information motioned above its clear that MAS holding is a successfully driven family owned company. The brothers decided to stick to their joint venture criteria of choosing partners who brought in technology expertise, marketing knowledge or access to certain markets. Background for Best Ethical practices MAS holdings as a history of ethical business practices that predate the concept of CSR. In addition, it ensures a healthy and safe work place, which regarded as a good business practice. However, the ethical approach to manufacturing is setting the organization apart from the competitive apparel sector. To support the vision of itself developed their own CSR strategy called MAS Go beyond, this program empower the organizations 92% of the female workforce also develop a sustainability-mined n youth, future employees and leaders of the organization. Source Company website, Researches on the web, Company Magazines

Anticipatory Grief Essays -- Psychology

Grief is a universal reaction experienced by all of us at some time in our lives. The capacity that makes each of us capable of warm, satisfying relationships also leaves us vulnerable to sadness, despair, and grief when such relationships are disrupted (Carr, 1969). Regardless of the actual relationship that might have existed prior to the death, we have the tendency to idealize the relationship once death has occurred and we expect expressions of normal grief. Unfortunately, "normal grief' is what society expects, but the needs of the individual prerequisites putting a label on grief. Because society influences our behavior through the secondary reinforcement of social approval during this time, we are not looking at the primary reinforcer of survival. The needs of each individual can only be understood in the light of knowledge of his/her own developmental background and the particular conflicts being mobilized, and what defenses are being used against these (Maddison & Raphael, 1 972). This same developmental background is important in another aspect of death called anticipatory grief. The term anticipatory grief was first used by Lindemann in 1944 to " ... denote a reaction to separation and the possibility of death rather than the inevitability of death" (Bourke, 1984). Over the years there has been much discussion and research has been done on anticipatory grief. But to this point research evidence is inconsistent. All research points to the fact that anticipated losses that face the individual are very real. "Their emotional investment in the individual's presence, the satisfactions and warmth that they have received through their attachment to her or him, are soon to be ended"(Kalish, 1977). Since Lindemann (... ... management of acute grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 101, 141-148. Maddison, D. C. & Raphael, B. (1972). The family of the dying patient. In B. Schoenberg, A. Carr, A. Kutscher, D. Peretz, & I. Goldberg, (Eds.), Psychosocial aspects of terminal care (pp. 185-200). New York: Columbia Univ. Press. Marples, M. (1986). Helping family members cope with a senile relative. Social Casework: The Journal of Contemporary Social Work, 67, 490-498. Osterweis, M., Solomon, F., & Green, M. (1984). Bereavement: Reactions, consequences, and care. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Rando, T. A. (1988). Anticipatory grief: The term is a misnomer but the phenomenon exits. Journal of Palliative Care, 4, 70-73. Rando, T. A. (1989). Anticipatory grief. In R. Kastenbaum & B. K. Kastenbaum (Eds.), Encyclopedia of death (12-15). Phoenix: The Oryx Press.

Presidential Anomalies :: essays research papers

Presidential Anomalies There has been a very unusual historical occurrence involving the presidency since the early 19th Century. Every candidate that had run for the office of President of the United States in an election year at the beginning of a decade has either been assassinated, died, or had been shot while in office. This historical anomaly is very peculiar going into the election of 2000, and should perhaps give the respective candidates pause. Starting with the election of 1840, candidate General William Henry Harrison was easily elected as the celebrated military hero of the most recent Indian Wars. The hero over the Indians at the battle of Tippencanoe, became president and John Tyler became vice president. During his inauguration ceremony the weather was cold and rainy. The new President contracted pneumonia and died only one month into his term. In 1860, candidate Abraham Lincoln was elected President and had to preside over America’s greatest crisis. He was reelected in 1864 and saw the Civil War come to a successful conclusion. At his second inaugural address, Lincoln said â€Å"with malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; bind up the nations wounds.† Shortly after the war’s end, a fanatical Confederate sympathizer, John Wilkes Booth, assassinated him. In 1880, Ohio Congressman James A. Garfield won the election despite a very slim lead in popular votes, however, won easily in electoral votes. He was in office less than four months when President Garfield was fatally shot by a disappointed office seeker. His Vice President, Chester A. Arthur, succeeded him. In 1900, the Republicans re-nominated William McKinley, who was given credit for the economic prosperity, and pledged to maintain the â€Å"full dinner pail.† During his presidency the United States had embarked on an imperialist policy after the Spanish-American War. At a business exposition in Buffalo, New York, President McKinley was assassinated sex months after his second inauguration by an anarchist. In 1920, Senator Warren G. Harding captured the public mood with his promise of a â€Å"return to normalcy.† An easygoing man, Harding possessed a limited understanding of national problems. President Harding was an honest but pilable man who, like President Grant was unable to protect his postwar administration from scandal. His presidency has been recognized as one of the most scandal ridden prior to Richard Nixon and Bill Clinton.

Essay --

Throughout our lives we all have been in a situation where we are outside at a sporting event, concert, or some type of outside event. While we are at the events all bundled up in our coats and hats and such, what do we do about our hands when the gloves just aren’t cutting it? My mother always suggests I just open a pack of Grabber hand warmers. Grabbers are a pack of 2 individual mini hand warmers that use a mixture of chemicals and different chemical reactions to produce heat us by you rubbing the two together. I must admit these little things have saved me from many cold nights out at the football field. Although when you are trying to warm yourself up you probably aren’t worried about what chemicals are in these warmers or how they work, but I am so I figure I’ll fill you in too. The reason I decided to try and go in debt on the idea of how a hand warmer works and what goes in to it to cause it to exert heat. Also because these are things I use almost every day during the winter and never knew how they worked. For starters all grabbers hand warmers are air activated, they are n... Essay -- Throughout our lives we all have been in a situation where we are outside at a sporting event, concert, or some type of outside event. While we are at the events all bundled up in our coats and hats and such, what do we do about our hands when the gloves just aren’t cutting it? My mother always suggests I just open a pack of Grabber hand warmers. Grabbers are a pack of 2 individual mini hand warmers that use a mixture of chemicals and different chemical reactions to produce heat us by you rubbing the two together. I must admit these little things have saved me from many cold nights out at the football field. Although when you are trying to warm yourself up you probably aren’t worried about what chemicals are in these warmers or how they work, but I am so I figure I’ll fill you in too. The reason I decided to try and go in debt on the idea of how a hand warmer works and what goes in to it to cause it to exert heat. Also because these are things I use almost every day during the winter and never knew how they worked. For starters all grabbers hand warmers are air activated, they are n...

Online Study

Chapters 5 and 6 Study Guide 1. For the Romans, _________ Italy's __________ geography made Rome a natural crossroads and an area easy to defend. P114 2. Rome was established in the first millennium B. C. on the plain of __________ plain of Latium ___________. P114 3. All of the following about the Etruscans are correct expelled many of Rome's patrician class and established a republic in Rome in 509 B. C. p. 114-115 a. | settled north of Rome. | b. | adopted alphabetic language from the Greeks before 600 B. C. | c. | had begun to decline by 480 B. C. | . | â€Å"civilized† Rome by turning it into a true city. | 4. ______________ Rome ____________ set a precedent for treating its vanquished foes after forming the Roman Confederation by offering the most favored â€Å"allied† peoples full Roman citizenship, thus giving them a stake in successful Roman expansion. p. 120 5. _____________ Rome’s ______’s conquest of the Italian peninsula by 264 B. C. can be attributed in part to superb diplomacy. p. 121 6. In defeating the ___________ Greek ____________ city-states in southern Italy, Rome had to fight the soldiers of King Pyrrhus, sent against them by the Greeksp. 20 7. The Roman ____________ Dictator _____________ was a temporary executive during the period of the Republic and exercised unlimited power for a period of usually six months. p. 117 8. Executive authority or ___________ imperium ___________ during the Roman Republic was held by the consuls and praetors. p. 117 9. As Rome expanded, it became Roman policy to govern the provinces with officials known as ______________ proconsuls __________ and propraetors. p. 117 10. The ___________ paterfamilias ________ in Roman society was the male head of the household. p. 118 11.Originally the Roman ________ Senate __________ could only advise the magistrates in legal matters. p. 117 12. In their struggle with the patricians, Roman __________ plebeins ____________employed which of the following tactics: a physical withdrawal from the state undercutting its military manpower and the formation of popular assemblies to lobby for more political reforms. p. 118 13. The _______ twelve _______ Tables was/were the first formal codification of Roman law and customs. p. 118-119 14. The following statements about the Roman armies in the early Republic are correct. . 125 a. | All soldiers were citizens. | b. | Most soldiers were farmers. | c. | Soldiers were enrolled for only a year. | d. | In the fourth century BCE there were four legions, each consisting of 4,000 to 5,000 men. | 15. The _________ Carthaginians __________originated from Phoenician Tyre. p. 121 16. The immediate cause of the First Punic War was Rome sending an army to_______ Sicily ____________. p. 122 17. As a result of the First Punic War the Carthaginians were forced to withdraw from ___________ Sicily _____________ and pay an indemnity to Rome. . 122 18. During the Second Punic War, ____________ Scipio Africanus _______________ expelled the Carthaginians from Spain and later won the decisive Battle of Zama. p. 124 19. The Second Punic War saw Carthage carry a land war to Rome by crossing the _____ Alps ____. p. 123 20. The Roman senator who led the movement for the complete destruction of Carthage was ___ Cato ____. P. 124 21. The result of the _________ Third Punic War ____________ Punic War was the complete destruction and subjugation of Carthage. p. 124 22.It can best be said that __________ Roman _____________ imperial expansion was highly opportunistic, responding to unanticipated military threats and possibilities for glory. p. 124 23. The head of the Roman religious observances was______ the pontifex maximus _______. p. 127 24. In Roman __________ religion ______________, a right relationship with the gods was achieved by accurate performance of rituals and festivals. p. 127 25. Roman religious practices included: a. | a college of priests to carry out rituals correctly. | b. | the adoption of certain Greek gods like Apollo. | p. 27 26. With regards to Roman schooling, education stressed training in __________ Greek _______________ and mastery of rhetoric, or persuasive public speaking. p. 128 27. By the latter Republic, Roman slaves often worked on the Roman _______house hold workers___________. p. 129 28. Roman ________upper________-class women typically had some independent legal rights and property. p. 131 29. In Rome, the male family head, the paterfamilias, couldp. 129 a. | sell his children. | b. | put his children to death. | c. | arrange the marriages of all offspring. | d. | divorce his wife. | 30.The Romans' most noticeable innovations in art and culture were found in __________ architecture _____________ and ____________ engineering ___________. p. 13331. The reforms of Gaius and Tiberius ________________ Gracchus _______________resulted in further instability and violence as they polarized various social groups. p. 13632. The __________ equites ____________were a wealthy and ambitious class of Romans who appeared in the late Republic. p. 135 33. ______________ Sulla ___________'s legacy and importance was that he employed his personal army in political disputes, paving the way toward Roman civil war. . 13734. Among the dangerous military innovations of _______ Marius _______________threatening the Republic, one finds he recruited destitute volunteers who swore an oath of allegiance only to him. p. 13635. Cicero: a. | believed in a â€Å"concord of the orders. â€Å"| b. | was a â€Å"new man† of the equestrian order. | c. | was a great orator and capable lawyer. | d. | advocated a balanced government of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. | p. 13836. Julius ____________ Caesar ______________led military commands in Spain and especially Gaul that enhanced his popularity. p. 13837.The First Triumvirate included____ Caesar____, ___ Crassus____, and___ Pompey____. p. 138 Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey.38. By crossing the___________ Rubicon ____________, Caesar showed that he was willing to disobey the direct orders of the Senate. p. 13939. The Roman Senate under _____________ Augustus ______________was retained as the chief deliberative body of the Roman state. p. 14840. The absolute monarchical powers of Augustus as princeps led to a. | the usual victory of his candidates in official elections. | b. | the decline of popular participation in elections. | c. his great popularity, as he followed proper legal forms for his power. | p. 14941. Augustus held the titles of imperator, ____________imperium____________, tribune, and prineps. p. 148-14942 . The Roman ________ praetorian _______________ guards were elite troops given the task of protecting the emperor. p. 15043. Under the rule of______________ Augustus _____________, the Roman Empire turned towards an absolute monarchy, with the princeps overshadowing the Senate. p. 14844. The event that curtailed _____________ Augustus's ________________’s expansionist policies was the defeat by Varus in the Teutoburg Forest. . 15145. Romanization in Roman empire occurred quickly in the __________West________. P. 158 west46. Among Augustus' most important actions in the area of Roman religion was his creation of an imperial ___________Cult_______________. p. 15247. The city on the Tiber that was Rome's chief port was________ Ostia _______________. p. 15848. Livy was best known in the Augustan Age for his __________ History of Rome ___________ in 142 books. p. 15349. Ovid's ___________ The Art of Love _________________ caused great displeasure to Augustus and led to Ovid's even tual exile. p. 52-15350. The â€Å"golden age† historian ___________ Livy ______________is well known for his perceiving history in terms of sharp moral lessons. p. 15351. The successor to Augustus and first of the Julio-Claudian rulers was_________ Tiberius ____________. p. 15452. The Julio-Claudian emperors varied in ability and effectiveness. p. 15453. During the reigns of the _____________ Julio-Claudian ____________ emperors, Emperors took more and more actual ruling power away from the old Senate. p. 15454. The first of the Flavian emperors was___________ Vespasian _______________. . 15455. The correct order of the five â€Å"good emperors† is _______ Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pious, Marcus Aurelius _____. p. 15556. All of the following occurred during the reigns of the five â€Å"good emperors† a. | being a period of peace for 100 years. | b. | the establishment of educational programs for the poor. | c. | extensive building programs. | d. | being an era of prosperity. | p. 15557. Trade and commerce in the Early Empire stimulated manufacturing, concentrated some industries in certain areas, was secondary in importance to ____ agriculture ___. . 16058. The â€Å"good emperor† Marcus Aurelius was regarded as a philosopher king deeply influenced by the principles of _______ Stoicism _____________. p. 15559. The largest area of Roman innovation in architecture was the use of ___________ concrete ____________on a massive scale. p. 16260. Imperial Rome's _______ gladiatorial ________shows were government-backed spectacles used to content the masses. p. 16461. The two Roman cities that destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A. D. were Pompeii and _______ Herculaneum _________. p. 16662.Among the upper classes of the Early Empire ______ women _____ had considerable freedom and independence. p. 16763. The early values of___________ Christianity ____________, as exemplified in Jesus' â€Å"sermon on the mount,† emphasized devotion to the values of humility, charity, and true brotherly love. p. 17164. Early ___ Christianity ______ was molded into a broader religious movement by Paul of Tarsus. p. 17165. The emperor who said, â€Å"Live in harmony, make the soldiers rich, and don't give a damn for anything else† was____ Septimius Severus ________. p. 16966.The late third century emperor who reconquered and reestablished order in the east and along the Danube and who was known as the â€Å"restorer of the world† was_____ Aurelian ______. p. 16967. The two Roman emperors who notably persecuted the Christian minority were ____ Decius _______ and ____ Diocletian ______. p. 176 NOTE:The correct answers are provided for numbers 3, 14, 25, 29, 35, 40, 52, and 56.Chapters 7, 8 and 9 Study Guide1. The Edict of _________ Milan ________ was Constantine's document officially tolerating the existence of Christianity.P1822. The Council of ________ Nicaea ____________ in 325 defined Christ a s being â€Å"of the same substance† as God. P1833. The heresy of Arianism questioned the divinity of ______ Jesus _______. P1834. In the late fourth century, the Visigoths and other Germanic tribes, were pushed into the Balkans region of the Eastern Roman Empire because of pressure from the _______ Huns ______. P1845. ________ Theodoric ________, the Ostrogothic king who took control of Italy, was determined to maintain Roman customs and practices in Italy. P1886.After the death of _______ theodoric ________, the Ostrogothic kingdom was defeated by the Byzantines, reducing Rome as a center of Mediterranean culture. P1887. The Frankish palace official, Charles Martel, successfully defended the civilization of the new western European kingdoms in 732 by defeating Muslim armies in 732 and driving them back to Spain. P1898. Guilt under Germanic customary law was determined by compurgation and ordeal. P1909. Frankish marriage customs placed strong sanctions (sometimes death) on a dulterous _________ women _________. P19110. The pope who supposedly caused Attila and the Huns to turn away from Rome was ___Leo 1_______. P19411. The Petrine Doctrine was the belief that the bishops of Rome held a preeminent position in the church. P19312. Augustine did all of the following:P192-193 a. | write Confessions. | b. | use pagan culture in the service of Christianity. | c. | advocate marriage for the procreation of children as a good alternative for Christians incapable of upholding the ideal of celibacy as a means to holiness. | d. | author The City of God. |13. Augustine's Confessions was written as an account of his own miraculous personal conversion. P19214. Saint Jerome, is known for all of the following:P193 a. | his mastery of Latin prose. | b. | his skills as a linguist. | c. | his translations of the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into Latin. | d. | becoming one of the Latin Fathers of the Church. |15. The father of hermit monasticism was ______ S t. Anthony ____________. P19516. The basic rule for western monastic living was developed by ___ benedict __________. P19517. Benedictine monasticism is characterized by:P196 a. | an ideal of moderation. | b. | the communal life. | c. isolated, self-sustaining communities. | d. | vows and rules. |18. The â€Å"Apostle to the Germans† and the most famous churchman in Europe in the eighth century was ______ Boniface __________. P19819. In 597, Pope Gregory the Great sent the monk, Augustine, to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons. P19720. Pope Gregory the Great was responsible for all of the following:P194 a. | creating the Papal States. | b. | recognizing the Byzantine emperor as the rightful ruler of Italy. | c. | supporting the work of Christian missionaries in England. | d. | becoming Bishop of Rome. |21.The primary instrument of Pope Gregory for converting the Germanic peoples of Europe was____ monastic movement ________. P19522. The greatest difference between Irish Chris tianity and Roman Christianity was in Irish church organization, giving Irish abbots more power than bishops. P19723. One of the greatest nuns of the seventh monastery, and founder of the Whitby monastery was ___ St. Hilda _________. P19824. The great Christian scholar of late antiquity, ________ Cassiodorus ______________, divided the seven liberal arts into the trivium and quadrivium. According to Cassiodorus, the trivium includes grammar, hetoric, and dialectic or logic. P20025. Justinian's military conquests under the general, Belisarius, were __ Vandal Kingdom in North Africa _and Italian peninsula occupying sicily________________________. P20126. Justinian's most important contribution to Western civilization was his_____ codification of the law ______. P20227. The Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) compiled under Justinian was the last Byzantine contribution to the west to be written in Latin. P20228. The woman whose support put down the Nika Revolt against Justinian's rule in 532 was_________ Theodora _____. P20329.The following are great buildings in the city of Constantinople:P204 a. | Hagia Sophia| b. | Hippodrome| c. | Royal Palace| d. | b and d|30. During the period of the Roman Empire, the Arabian Peninsula was dominated by the ____ bedouin nomads ______. P20631. The cardinal principle of the Islamic faith is that there is only God and his prophet is ________ Muhammad ___________. P20732. Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina in 622 is known as the _______ Hegira ______. P20733. The following are similarities between Christianity and Islam:P207 a. | Each of the faiths had a holy book. | b. | Both religions were monotheistic. c. | Both religions had as part of their scriptures divine revelation. | d. | Both religions envisioned heaven or paradise for believers.34. The successors to Muhammad's leadership of the Muslims were known as______ caliphs ______. P20835. Muslim societies abide by a strict code of law, much of it derived from the holy book Qur'an, and regulating all aspects of Muslim life. This law code is called ______ Shari'a. ____. P207-20836. The Muslim dynasty that assumed power after the assassination of Muhammad's son-in-law, Ali, and moved the capital to Damascus was the ______ Umayyad __________.P 20937. In the Early Middle Ages, the cultivation of new land was hard because the forests of Europe were so thick and crude tools of the era made land clearing arduous. P21438. In the early Middle Ages, Germanic tribes newly converted to Christianity still held pagan beliefs such as trees were sacred beings and could not be cut down. P21439. The first Frankish king to be anointed in holy ceremony by an agent of the pope was _____ Pepin _______. P21440. Charlemagne's most disappointing military campaign came against the _______ Basques __________. P21541.The coronation of ___________ Charlemagne _____________ in 800 as emperor of the Romans symbolized the fusion of Roman, Germanic, and Christian cultures. P2184 2. Regarding sexuality, the Catholic Church in the Early Middle Ages could not enforce clerical celibacy. P22043. Socially and culturally, the church's advocacy of indissoluble marriage resulted in the development of the nuclear family at the expense of the extended family. P22044. Medicine in the Early Middle Ages and medicine in earlier pagan times used __medicines and natural practices with appeals for other-worldly help, magical rites and influences were used_______.P22345. Carolingian society was marked by all of the following:P222 a. | the use of bleeding to cure illness. | b. | different patterns of consumption of foodstuffs among rich and poor. | c. | the vices of gluttony and drunkenness. | d. | considerable violence. |46. What was the name of the treaty that divided the Carolingian Empire in 843? P224_______________ treaty of Verdun___________47. The division of Europe into three kingdoms after the death of Louis the Pious led to an incessant struggle between Louis the Ger man, Charles the Bald, and their heirs over disputed territories. P22448.The following statements are true of the Vikings:P226-227 a. | Their iron weapons and superior shipbuilding were largely responsible for their successful raids. | b. | Their raids and settlements aided the growth of fief-holding. | c. | Christianity assimilated them into European civilization. | d. | They came from Scandinavia. |49. One of the most famous Vikings, who discovered Greenland, was ___ Erik the Red. ____. P22850. In Western Europe, the chief political repercussion of frequent Viking raids was an increase in the power of local aristocrats to whom threatened populations turned for effective protection.P22851. Feudalism of medieval Europe was primarily a complex system of vassalage by which the weak sought protection and sustenance from powerful local nobles. P22852. The â€Å"hierarchical† fief-holding system in which vassals in turn had vassals owing them services was known as _____ subinfeuda tion ______. P22953. The major obligation of the lord to the _____ vassal ____ was economic support and protection either militarily or through grants of land. P22954. Under _____ feudalism _______of the Early Middle Ages the major obligation of a vassal to his lord was to provide military service. P22955. The ____ Slavs _________ were originally a single people in central Europe. P23656. The Swedish Vikings-the Varangians-became known or assimilated with which of the following groups: ________ Russians ___________. P23757. The ruthless Russian leader responsible for tying Russian political and religious ideals to the Byzantine Empire was _______ Vladimir 1 _______. P23758. The Islamic city in Spain that served as the Umayyad capital was _______ Cordoba ____. P23959. The capital city of the Umayyad Caliphate and center of an Islamic empire was ____ Damascus ______. P23760. The major socio-political change associated with the _______ Abbasid _____ Caliphate is promotion of judges, me rchants, and government officials over warriors as ideal citizens. P23861. The Abbasids broke down the distinctions between Arab and non-Arab Muslims. P23762. One consequence of the new agriculture of the Early Middle Ages was the destruction of the ______farmland__________. P24463. The â€Å"agricultural revolution† of the High Middle Ages was in part brought about by a change from the two-field to the three-field system. P24664. New technological developments in agriculture improving productivity of foodstuffs included all of the following: a. | iron hoes. | b. | the use of horse shoes. | c. | the heavy-wheeled, iron-tipped plow (carruca). | d. | watermills and windmills. P245-246|65. List sources of power by medieval farmers? ____ horses, water, windmills and oxen _____________________________________________________________. P245-24666. The peasant's life during the Middle Ages was largely determined by ________ the seasons. _______. P24667. The basic staple of the peasan t diet was ____ bread _________. P24668. The village church was led by local priests who were often barely literate. P24769. The high number of fights and accidents described in medieval court records may plausibly be attributed to the high consumption of ________Alcohol____________. P24770. Male ___ nobles _ of the High Middle Ages were almost solely preoccupied with warfare. P24771. In medieval thought, women were considered by nature subservient and lesser beings than __ men ___. P24972. The main part of the medieval castle was called the _____ moat ________. P24873.The knightly code of ethics known as chivalry included all of the following requirements:P250 a. | knights were to fight to defend the church. | b. | knights were to protect the weak and defenseless. | c. | winning glory should be the knight's highest aim and motivating force. | d. | knights should fight for their overlords. |74. Combative tournaments involving knights were considered excellent and necessary training for warfare. P25075. Marriages among the aristocracy of the High Middle Ages were expected to establish political alliances between families and increase their wealth. P25076.By the twelfth century, _______ divorce _________ among nobles was not possible except through official recognition that a marriage had never been valid. P25177. The term â€Å"burg† or â€Å"borough† referred to a ______fortress_________. P25478. To protect their interests against nobles, townspeople often formed _______Commune________. P25579. A major motive contributing to the revolutionary political behavior of European townspeople was their great need for unfettered mobility to conduct trade efficiently. P25580. On the whole, medieval cities tended to be relatively undemocratic; the wealthy usually ruled and voted in civic elections. P25581. Medieval cities had skylines dominated by the towers of churches, castles, and town halls. P255-25782. A major cause of pollution in medieval cities was the smell and waste of animals and humans. P257-25883. The guild system of medieval European cities did all of the following:P259 a. | enforce standards and methods of production for various articles. | b. | fix prices at which finished goods could be sold. | c. | set the numbers of people who could enter key trades and the procedures by which they could do so. | d. | maintain monopolies of production and sales. |84.Drinking water in the cities of the Middle Ages usually came from ____ wells ___. P25985. The first university to be founded in Europe appeared in ___ Bologna ________. P26086. The first university in northern Europe was ______ University of Paris_____________________. P26087. Due to its many cathedral schools, the intellectual center of Europe by the twelfth century was _ France __. P26088. Students in medieval universities often engaged in quarrels with one another and in confrontations with townspeople. P261-26289. Concerning the curriculum of the medieval university students studied the trivium and quadrivium. P260-26190. The renaissance of the twelfth century was primarily caused by circulation in the west in Latin translation of many ancient philosophical and scientific works previously saved by ____ Muslim ____ scholars. P262-26391. The renaissance of the twelfth century saw all of the following:P262-263 a. | Muslim scientific discoveries made available to the west. | b. | scholarly receptiveness to the works of Jewish thinkers. | c. | a great influx of Aristotle's writings previously available only to Arab scholars. | d. | Islamic Spain being a conduit of scholarly works from ancient Greece and from the Muslim world. |92. The primary preoccupation of ___ Scholasticism ______ was the reconciliation of faith with reason. P26393. The medieval theological debate between the scholastic realists and nominalists centered around the problem of universals and the nature of reality. P26394. The Summa Theologica of Thomas ___ Aquinas _______ raised qu estions concerning theology and solved them by the dialectical method. P264-26595. The Song of __Roland______ is one of the finest examples of the medieval chanson de geste. P26596. The dominant style of the church architecture in the eleventh and twelfth centuries was ___ romanesque ______. P26697. The following are characteristics of Romanesque architecture:P266-267 a. | churches in this style were built in rectangular shape| b. | massive pillars and walls were required for support| c. | heavy barrel vaults with rounded stone roofs replaced flat wooden roofs| d. | few windows. |98. Gothic cathedrals seem to soar upward as light and airy constructions due to all of the following innovations: a. | ribbed vaults. | b. | flying buttresses. | c. | thin walls pierced by huge stained glass windows. | d. | pointed arches. P267|99. The Gothic style of architecture emerged and was perfected in ___ France _____. P268