The Crime Of Domestic Security - 1751 Words

Domestic security is a growing concern in the modern times where there is more advanced weaponry in the hands of crime perpetrators. The nature of crime has also advanced where criminals have developed more brilliant methods to affect their criminal activities (Davis et al 42). Traditionally, police were accustomed to soft force by criminal and there was no eminent need to militarize their operations. For instance, drug traffickers and terrorists are currently equipped with the most current weaponry technology. Their structure of crime is also more complex and requires an equivalent amount of force to subdue. Other kinds of criminals such organized gangs especially in the US poses great danger to the security of the nation and do not require ordinary policing force to subdue. This has led to development of counterinsurgency units within the local police to be able to deal with such forces of organized crimes. There is therefore the need for the local police units to adopt military te chniques in order to counter the criminal activities with an equivalent amount of force. Drug and terrorism control are the main phenomenon crimes in the US and ordinary policing force cannot suppress them and there is need for more tactical approach (Kraska and Victor 11). The police militarization is usually controlled to a specific level matching the trends of crimes in a specific region. Analysts and critics tend to concentrate on evaluating the level of militarization in the police andShow MoreRelatedNational Security Vs. Digital Privacy1735 Words   |  7 Pagesregards to the increasing crime and terrorism rates in America, the optimal solution thus far is enhancing security throughout the nation. By doing so, policies, procedures, and protocols would be amended for the sole purpose of protecting the country. Such alterations should be made because it prevents crime in a timely, reliable, and successful manner, whilst preserving the fundamental rights of all United States Cit izens. In light of the controversy over national security versus digital privacy,Read MoreWildlife Forensics and Investigation825 Words   |  3 Pageshas only recently discovered that wildlife crime is increasing and that the needs to successfully investigate a wildlife crime are quite different than those of a homicide. To understand the importance of wildlife forensics, what constitutes as â€Å"wildlife crime† must be distinguished. Also, knowing what makes wildlife crime so desirable is a good start at learning what preventative measures to take. What is considered wildlife crime, why this type of crime is rising, and the forensic scientist’s rolesRead MoreSecurity and Domestic Terrorism Essay1081 Words   |  5 PagesEDM 501 – Domestic Terrorism -Module 3 – Case: Security and Domestic Anti-Terrorism (Part 1) May 2012 What are the limits of power of the FBI in pursuing surveillance of potential terrorists within and without the U.S.? In your view, is the FBI adequately organized, staffed, and trained to perform the myriad of missions tasked? Based on the readings and your research, what is the status of the USA Patriot Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2011 and resultant action on the key divisiveRead MoreSurveillance And The Threat Of Terrorism1381 Words   |  6 Pagesmeans to keep close watch over someone or something. While a root word in surveillance is veil, which portrays imagery as saving face, or hiding. The U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) and other federal agencies are engaging in the extensive surveillance to fight crime and reduce the threat of terrorism. Not only does surveillance fight crime, it proves the honesty and humility of people in the work office or on the streets. However, surveillance threatens privacy and liberty because it monitors individualsRead MoreInternational Criminal Court872 Words   |  3 Pagespolitical association was forbidden, the media was controlled, and the population was closely surveillance for the government in order to avoid coup attempts. The Libyan Intelligence Service, whose chief was Abdullah Al-Senussi, was in charge of the security in and outside the country. The violence of Gaddafi’s regime transcended Libya frontiers as the monitoring of dissidents around the world ended up in the assassination of target opponents that were living in western countries. 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In Conclusion of my research UTA had the highest crime rates in alcohol arrest, domestic violence, stalking, motor vehicle theft, sexual assaults, but TSU had more burglaries. I think this is the case that UTA crime rates or high because it is a diverse University and some of the crimes that are committed some culturesRead MoreThe Role Of The FBI1236 Words   |  5 Pageswell as an intelligence agency tasked with American national security. What was once a small task force of agents based in Washington DC investigation has expanded beyond a headquarters in Washington DC to include 56 Field offices and over 350 satellite offices across the U.S. and Legal Attaches in over 60 U.S. embassies across the world. The FBI’s mission is very simple, Protect the United States from all enemies foreign and domestic and uphold the Constitution of the United States. This missionRead MoreThe Department Of Homeland Security Made Us Safer1433 Words   |  6 Pages Has the Department of Homeland Security Made Us Safer? As one of the greatest power houses in the world, the United States has attempted to keep warfare on foreign soil rather than stateside. Doing so was a lot easier when war was fought between two different countries, but nowadays, the main source of conflict around the world comes from small bands of people who reside, not in one country or place, but spread throughout the world. Traditionally military servicemen would wear some type of camouflageRead MoreA Transition Of Fascination And Fear Essay1364 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Clery Act Before enactment of the Campus Security Act, there had been a multitude of particularly violent crimes on college campuses, which threatened the security higher education institutions assured (101st United States Congress, 1990). Due to this fact, congress proposed a disclosure of campus security policy and campus crime. Both public and private institutions that received federal funds were required to prepare and distribute annual security reports to students and employees (101st United

Managing Conflict Essay example - 1527 Words

Effective managers are successful within the workgroup and organization when a style is used to resolve a conflict. People do experience conflict in their lives. There has always been a lot of interest in how to manage conflict once it appears in the open, and that is important. What is not so common is a concern for preventing unnecessary conflict, so it does not start in the first place. Managers are capable of using all five resolutions skills to deal with conflict in the workplace. Organizations of all types need good managers in order to survive when dealing with conflicts that will occur within a workplace. Many people holding management positions will be confronted with issues between two people or two groups†¦show more content†¦Some people attempt to avoid conflict by postponing it, hiding their feelings, changing the subject, leaving the room or quitting the project. Sometimes, doing nothing is a smart thing to do, providing the decision to do nothing is well thought out and based on an analysis of the situation. Although avoidance might appear to be a â€Å"cop-out,† it can sometimes be the most appropriate response. A common means of avoiding conflict is to be secretive. This can be done by employees and managers. The notion is that if no one knows what is being done, there can be little conflict. By being secretive, one may delay conflict and confrontation, but when it does surface it will have far more negative emotions at tached to it than would have been the case if things were more open. It may be wise to avoid a conflict if the issue is minor or if the potential conflict partner is a formidable opponent. Not every conflict justifies your attention. One should not routinely withdraw from conflicts because it provides only a temporary fix and sidesteps the underlying problem. An accommodating manager is also known as a â€Å"smoothing† or â€Å"obliging† manager (Hemmer, 2003). Accommodating is allowing the desires of the other party to prevail. This resolution reflects low assertiveness and high cooperativeness. Accommodating may be an appropriate conflict-handling strategy when a manager wants to show reasoning, develop performance, create good will, and to keep peace.Show MoreRelated MAnaging Conflict Essay618 Words   |  3 Pages Managing Conflict What is conflict? Conflict is a natural disagreement resulting from individuals or groups that differ in attitudes, beliefs, values or needs. It can also originate from past rivalries and personality differences. Other causes of conflict include trying to negotiate before the timing is right or before needed information is available. Causes of conflict. 1.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Lack of communication. There is a lack of communications. Failure to share ideas and feelingsRead More managing conflicts and negotiation Essay544 Words   |  3 Pages Managing Conflict and Negotiations In week one, the class read and discussed topics related to problem-based learning and managing conflict and negotiation. Also, the Learning Team handbook and tools were introduced and teams were assigned. The required readings, class discussions and sharing of experiences were valuable in learning more about these topics. The 9-step problem-solving model is a valuable, systematic tool used to identify the real problem and make an intelligent decision. This processRead MoreManaging Conflict and Negotiating2855 Words   |  12 PagesManaging Conflict and Negotiating Wherever choices exist, there is potential for disagreement. No matter what we major in, no matter where our career path takes us, inevitably, we all encounter conflict in some form. In todays highly competitive society, for an organization to be truly successful, it is imperative that the organizations leadership understands conflict and deals with it in the best way possible. Managements ability to recognize and accept divergence and their ability to employRead MoreEssay on Managing Conflict2419 Words   |  10 PagesManaging Conflict The ability to manage conflict is undoubtedly one of the most important skills a manager needs to possess A study of middle- and top-level executives revealed that the manager spends approximately 20% of his or her time dealing with conflict. In most management development programmes; conflict management was being more important than decision making, leadership or communication. DEALING WITH CONFLICT Concept Definition Want Desire for something Goal DesiredRead MoreReflective Essay On Managing Conflict2544 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction Conflict is inevitable. Put people with different experiences, priorities, and skills together, and you are bound to have conflict. It is a fundamental dynamic of human nature. How one deals with conflict is the results of core personality traits, experiences that have become schemas, commitment to ideas and training. I’ve been fortunate to have wonderful early experiences that have seeded my ability to manage conflict as well as exposure through fabulous training initiatives. Even withRead MoreConflict Management : The Styles And Outcomes Of Managing Conflict1541 Words   |  7 PagesConflict Management: The Styles and Outcomes of Managing Conflict in Modern Society Corbin Metz University of Oklahoma Communication is an obligatory aspect for the existence of human life. In our society today, conflict is managed through various styles, some leading to more positive outcomes than others. Although many people attempt to not confront conflict and rather avoid the issue, which may cause it to worsen, it is an aspect that every person willRead MoreManaging Conflict Through Communication Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesbasis, and in a confined space. There’s going to be conflicts in every environment especially in the workplace where most people spend the greater part of the day. Conflict is hard to define because every situation is different, it could be either tangible or intangible in the case of feelings. Conflict resolution is a task not easily handled, and it can be really disparaging if not properly taken care of when it is identified. Workplace conflict can be caused by various factors, and can cause aRead MoreM3.14 Managing Conflict in the Workplace Essay1875 Words   |  8 PagesREFLECTIVE REVIEW - M3.14 MANAGING CONFLICT IN THE WORKPLACE |Centre Number |Centre Name | |Candidate Registration No |Candidate Name | |Please use the headings shown below |Assessment Criteria | | Read MoreJan Ken: Managing Conflict in Relationships Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Jan Ken: Managing Conflict in Relationships Unit 9 Assignment Marie Holloway Kaplan University Author Note: This research is being submitted on March 11, 2014 for Mark Lambertson’s CM206 Interpersonal Communications course. Q #1: Using the chapters on language and emotions to help frame your answer, suggest two ways that Ken could open this conversation more productively, beyond clearly expressing his emotions and using â€Å"I† language. Ken could have usedRead MoreManaging Conflict And Organizational Change924 Words   |  4 PagesManaging conflict and the importance of a vision/mission in an organization are two important topics in our course of Leadership and Organizational Change. In this paper we tried to analyze the connection between these two important aspects of leadership. Our analysis and our interviews of leaders have supported and amplified what we have learnt in class. As we have seen during this course, working in a team can often lead to conflicts. In particular there are three types of conflicts that we described

Corporation and Consumer Law -Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Was this a valid contract? Give your reasons why or why not. Could Rajeev use Consumer laws in the above scenario? If so, what arguments might he rely on? Answer: 1.Issue The issue in this case is that whether Yellowscope is liable for Fans injury. The issue is also associated with the fact that whether Blackspot is held partially liable for Fans injury and can he avoid liability based on which grounds. Law: A company is a separate legal entity which is separate from its shareholders. According to the provisions of Section 119 of the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) a company attains the title of a separate corporate after its registration. Therefore, it is noteworthy to mention here that only the company has the right to sue and to be sued in its own name (Lozano, Carpenter and Huisingh 2015). According to the provisions of Section 124(1) every company has the same capacity and powers which are similar to the general powers of an individual. Therefore, in this regard, it is worth mentioning that, only the company shall be held liable for the debts incurred during the process of business transactions (Veldman 2018). According to Section 180(1) of the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth) directors are required to act in due diligence and care. Under the law of torts, a person may be held liable for the acts or omission on the part of another person. In such cases, the persons are not personally held liable for their own conduct. Therefore, it is worth noting that an employer may be vicariously liable for the acts of their employees which were held in Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21. It is noteworthy to mention here that, the employer shall not be held vicariously liable for the acts done by independent contractor. It is worthwhile to mention here that the company does not act as an agent to its shareholders; however the shareholders act as an agent to the company. In this regard, the case of Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 can be emphasized. In this case, it was held by the Court that Salomon being the sole shareholder was not personally liable to the creditors. The company was held liable as it was a separate legal entity. The case Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 was a landmark case in which it was established that how a company functions. The case was concerned with the claims demanded by unsecured creditors during the process of liquidation. However, as Salomon was the majority shareholder of the company, he was held personally liable for the debts incurred by the company. in this regard, the Court in its decision held that Salomon being a shareholder is not personally liable for the loss of the company and therefore cannot be personally sued. However, in the ruling, the Court was of the opinion that the company was incorporated by Salomon but the creditors in this case conducted the business as an agent of Salomon who should according to the application of law be held liable for the debts incurred by them during the course of agency. It is worth stating that the shareholders of a company cannot be held liable for any negligence in regard to the company. In case of negligence occurred as a result of their personal conduct, the shareholders shall be held liable. Application: In the given scenario, it can be observed that Fan Bingbing is the plaintiff who is an employee, sole shareholder and director of the company Blackspot Pty Ltd. However, the plaintiff used to work for Yellowscope Pty Ltd as well (defendant no). It can be argued that the plaintiff was working on a project given by defendant when she received injuries. In this case, it is worthwhile to refer here that the Court was of the opinion that as the plaintiff was carrying out the work for the purpose of the defendant no.1 and not for her personal conduct, then in such case Yellowscope Pty Ltd (defendant) shall be held liable. Blackspot Pty Ltd cannot be held liable to the injuries caused to the plaintiff because she was using the techniques assigned to her by the defendant. However, in the opinion of the Court there was a duty of care on the part of the defendant to check into matters whether it was operating correctly. It is evident that the plaintiff is the shareholder and director of the co mpany. In this regard, the case of Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 can be referred. According to the provisions of Section 119, a company is a separate legal person. Therefore, the shareholders and directors of the company cannot be held liable for any loss or negligence on the part of the company. However, in the present case the plaintiff was carrying on the operations according to her personal conduct and regarding which her company Blackspot Pty Ltd was not aware. Therefore, the Court opined that there is a ground to avoid liability on the part of Blackspot regarding the fact that the plaintiff being a shareholder of the company has performed the techniques on her own personal conduct. However, in this case, the Court held that the techniques which were implemented by the plaintiff was for her own personal benefit and was doing it for the defendant. Therefore, the company Blackspot Pty Ltd shall not be held liable for the activities done by the shareholders outside their authority. In the present case study, it may be possible on the part of Blackspot Pty Ltd to be liable for the injury caused to Fan Bingbing. In this regard, the case of Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21 can be applied where the employers can be held vicariously liable for the acts of their employees. Similarly Blackspot can be held 100% liable for the acts of Fan Bingbing. Conclusion: In the conclusion, it can be stated that- Yellowscope Pty Ltd is liable for the injury caused to Fan Bingbing. Blackspot Pty Ltd can be held to be partially liable for the injury. There is a possibility on the part of Blackspot Pty Ltd to avoid liability on the ground that Fan is sole shareholder and director of the company. In this case, Blackspot can be held fully liable for the injury caused to Fan Bingbing. It can be finally concluded that in the present case study, Fan Bingning won the case on the ground of being the sole shareholder and director of the company which was held in Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd [1897] AC 22. Fan Bingbing also won the case on the ground of vicarious liability as Blackspot being her employer is liable for her acts according to the case of Hollis v Vabu Pty Ltd (2001) 207 CLR 21. References: Dodd, E.M., 2017. For whom are corporate managers trustees?. InCorporate Governance(pp. 29-47). Gower. Joy, J., 2018. Legal Entity Operating Structure. InDivestitures and Spin-Offs(pp. 157-168). Springer, Boston, MA. Lozano, R., Carpenter, A. and Huisingh, D., 2015. A review of theories of the firmand their contributions to Corporate Sustainability.Journal of Cleaner Production,106, pp.430-442. Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd [1897] AC 22. Veldman, J., 2018. The Separate Legal Entity and the Architecture of the Modern Corporation.

Red Tsar Essay Example

Red Tsar Paper When Stalin rose to power in 1929 he claimed to the Russian public that he was a devote follower of Leninism; his slogan Lenin is always with us1 meant that Stalin wanted to show how similar he was to Lenin. However Stalin asserted his power at the head of government much like the Tsars by employing tactics of fear and propaganda. Stalins personal dictatorship meant he had strong elements of being Red Tsar as he established unquestionable rule, this idea of being a Red Tsar came from the belief that Stalin wasnt committed to communism, as his traditional ideas were reminiscent of Tsarist autocratic rule, so effectively he was a fusion between the two ruling styles. As Stalin wished to portray himself as a God-like figure; this made him an isolated leader who tolerated no criticism, similar to the style of ruling under the Tsars, as both leaders dismissed ministers at their own will and chose to act on their own personal feelings, for example like the Russification policy of employed by all the Tsars, but in particular Alexander II and the nationalistic policies of Stalin. Stalins government was top-down2, and unlike Lenin and Khrushchev, Stalin was very wary of how much his fellow party members knew. Therefore he employed a clear hierarchy, where information was withheld from lower members. We will write a custom essay sample on Red Tsar specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Red Tsar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Red Tsar specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Tsars relied on loyalty of elites to strengthen government, in particular the nobility and the Russian Orthodox Church, who helped to keep firm control over the Russian people. Although it is true that both Lenin and Stalin surrounded themselves with loyal i lites called nomenklatura, these elites became more important under Stalin, as the influence of the wider CCP was reduced he descended into his personal dictatorship. The growth under Stalin of the Party Secretariat, which was created under Lenin, meant there was a growth in bureaucracy, something which communist ideology disapproved of. As the General Secretary of the CCP Stalin had influence over all areas of the party, whilst the Politburo became the most influential body, as it controlled the actions of all government departments. Therefore the party became more centralised, as the influence of the grass-roots became less significant. Hence historians such as Richard Pipes claim that Leninism caused Stalinism, as Lenins party resembled a more secret order than a party in the normally accepted sense3, this led to an elitist structure, meaning that Stalins dictatorship was unavoidable. Although some disagree with this view as they understand we could never have predicted the extent to which Stalin employed a personal dictatorship. The democracy strived for during the revolution4 and declined into a dictatorship laced with censorship and nationalism reminiscent of Tsarist autocracy, as only views complementary of the regime were allowed and media from outside Russia were prohibited for fear of radicalisation. Therefore concerning the type and running of government Stalin appears more similar to his Tsarist predecessors than any of his Communist comrades, as he relied on elites, bureaucracy, elitism and a tightly controlled government, therefore this makes him a Red Tsar. Both Lenin and Stalin believed in a strong internal state, in which the party had complete control in the running of government. However Lenin did not believe in a creation of a cult of personality as Stalin did, as Stalin established himself as the fount of all wisdom5, this glorification as the Fa ther of Russia6 never appeared in such extreme force under Lenin nor Khrushchev. Therefore historian Moshe Lewin argues that Stalins system of government was a hybrid of Marxism and Tsarism7, as a creation of a cult of personality contains few Marxist-Leninist roots, but harkens back to the Russian tradition of leader worship. However Stalin and Khrushchev can be seen as similar as both leaders employed cunning8 and spin-doctoring. But there are clear differences, as Khrushchev lacked the temperamental nature of Stalin and the Tsars. He claimed Stalin was a litsedi meaning a man of many faces9, therefore there is a parallel between Stalin and the Tsars, as both made rash decisions out of spite, in particular the weak Tsar Nicholas II, who left his wife Alexandrina in charge of Russia in 1915 when he took direct charge of the army. Moreover Khrushchev denounced Stalin and his methods of Terror in his de-Stalinisation speech when he rose to power in 1956. Similarities between the Tsars and Stalin can also be drawn between the bad temper and brutal natures of both rulers. This is illustrated by when servants discovered Stalins wifes death they were reluctant to tell him, these Little People had a reasonable aversion to breaking bad news to the Tsars and Stalin, and they fell faint with fear10. Therefore both rulers commanded and frightened the Russian people with their tempers, making Stalin a Red Tsar. The fear that Stalin implemented was reinforced by his use of use of ideology, which was reminiscent of the religious attitudes under the Tsars, as his use of glorification kept a tight reign on the Russian people. This use of ideology led to his unquestionable rule like that experience under the Tsars, but Stalin emphasized separation of the state from the Church, unlike The Tsarist autocratic rule was strengthened by the support from the Russian Orthodox Church. The Tsars and the Church supported each other for mutual interest, and the teachings of the Church favoured autocracy11, since the majority of the population was religious, opposition to the government was seen as a direct challenge to God and the Divine Right of the Tsar, this made any opposition unpopular. Although this makes Stalin different from the Tsars, it does not make him like the other communist leaders, as Stalin embraced a marginal increase in religious tolerance, and did not campaign against religion nor advocate atheism like Lenin or Khrushchev. Stalins repressive methods align him with the Tsars, particularly Alexander III, whose rule was known as The Reaction, he favoured modernisation and the belief that education was dangerous12. Like Stalin, Alexander III believed that education should be strict and formal, whereas Marxist-Leninism which showed less regard for formal education. Even though Lenin and Stalin were very similar in some of their beliefs such as the belief in a monopolistic party, a strong state, the need for dramatic transformations within society13 to make Russia a socialist state. However unlike Lenin, Stalin did not believe that the communist movement should spread into the West outside the USSR. Despite this Stalin did export communism during the Cold War, encouraging the spread of communism to the East in countries like China and Korea. This also continued into Khrushchevs rule, when he showed support for the development of communism in Cuba. But at first Stalins policy of Socialism in one country set him aside from the majority of communists and showed a complete betrayal of Marxist beliefs. As Marxism was a international movement empowering all the workers of the world, and a movement which denounced nationalism. But Stalins nationalism in form, socialist in content14, harkened back to the Great Russian Empire under rulers such as Peter the Great and Ivan the Terrible15, this nationalism forced the Russian population into patriotism, like that experienced under the Tsars, which was never experienced to the same extent under Lenin or Khrushchev. This is an explanation for Stains belief that non-Russians should be moulded into Russians. Whereas Marxist-Leninism stated that non-Russians should remain in Russia un-disturbed, Lenin enforced this through his Decree of Nationalities in 1917. Therefore Stalins nationalism aligns him with the Tsars policy of Russification16, which forced all those nationalities living in Russia to speak Russian. Despite Stalins nationalist beliefs, Stalinism was still derived from Leninism, and they had some similarities such as distrust of bureaucracy, the belief the achievement of a utopian Russia and both having had a hatred of adulation at close quarters 17 . Although Lenin and Stalin had some similar values, as their core beliefs were derived from the teachings of Marx. However Lenin never attempted to build a cult of personality and disliked the term Leninism, as he thought of himself as a Marxist unlike Stalin, who wanted to develop the personalities of the population under his own glorification. Therefore McCauley argues that Stalin manipulated Marxism and Leninism for his own means18 as McCauley believes Stalin was not a true communist as he did not properly embrace the ideology. Moreover his focus on traditional beliefs such as family values, the importance of marriage, and the implementation of policies such as making divorce difficult and outlawing abortion. These beliefs made Stalin more traditional in his values than Khrushchev and Lenin who both believed conventions such as marriage were outdated in society. While the style and ceremonies of High Stalinism in 1930s seemed less Leninist and more a reversion to the past, as Stalins semi-religious imagery, crude nationalism and parables with the great state of building Tsars like Ivan the terrible19 make him seemingly Tsariest. Therefore although Stalin may have shared some ideologies in common with the communists, many of his key values made him very different, as although Marxism initiated most of their beliefs Stalin had many traditional beliefs that neither Lenin nor Khrushchev held. Stalins outright brutality, not only surpassed the Tsars but also his communist comrades, as E. H Carr claims Stalin revived and outdid the brutalities of earlier Tsars20, showing a difference between Stalins methods of repression and the methods used by the Tsars. Consequently some historians claim that Stalins brutalities must have stemmed from a source, as Simon Hartfree claims that High Stalinism appears as the logical and inevitable outcome of Leninism21 as he argues that Lenins actions such as the use of Terror and purges, paved the way for the brutalities of Stalinism. This is reinforced by R Medevev, who argues that although there was little continuity between Lenin and Stalin, as Stalin abolished the NEP, forced collectivisation, employed mass-terror and administrative rather than economic methods for industrialisation, Stalin saw himself as a disciple of Lenin22. Stalin implemented much of Lenins domestic and foreign policy, as he rid the party of factions, removed the intelligentsia, collectivised agriculture and created a Red Army. All these were all Leninist policies; however the implementation of these polices may have not been to Lenins taste. This shows that Stalinism was built on the foundations of the Leninist state, although it may have taken a shape Lenin would not have approved of. However historians such as Robert Service argue that the passage from Leninism to the worse horrors of Stalinism was neither smooth nor inevitable23. Although Service claims that Lenin was more ruthless than originally percieved, particularly as he crushed his enemies, waged class warfare and had unpleasant attitudes towards peasants and the Church. However Service also claims that Lenin ultimately wanted to abolish the secret police, the army and eventually the whole state. Therefore Lenins oppressive methods are dwarfed by the High Stalinism of the 1930s, when Stalin implemented methods of totalitarianism. Stalin used a regime of Terror to stay in power much like the Tsars, but his creation of a highly centralised state means that historians such as Schapiro hold Stalin personally responsible for high levels of human suffering24 during his rule. Furthermore Robert Conquest claims that the Great terror emanated from the top, he claims that Stalin planned the purges, directed the NKVD and organised the apparatus of terror, to control his own party as much as the country. 25 Whereas J. Arch Getty claims the Cold War distorted the western view of the Soviet Union and we must distance Stalin from sole responsibility26 for the horrors of the Great Terror. Getty claims that Stalin had no plans the Terror experienced in the Soviet Union at this time, and despite his position of power his personality faults do not help to explain what happened, in fact Stalin may have not even known what was going on. Getty also claims that officers in the NKVD acted on their own will, due to chaos of the Soviet Union and fear of Stalins temper. Getty claims that the randomness of attacks and irrational fear within the population, shows that there was a lack of tight central control. Gettys view is extreme, because although the scale of the terror, thoroughness of targeting and executions can be partly put down to a tumult within the Soviet Union at this time, Stalin must still be regarded as a deeply suspicious character, who saw enemies everywhere, therefore he must be more than partially responsible. Consequently the most convincing view is that Stalin was not solely responsible for the Terror experienced, but that his position within the country meant he knew the majority of what was happening and exercised significant power over the NKVD. The atrocities experienced did not happen without a great deal of central orchestration because the sheer scale, cannot simply be put down to civil unrest. The repressive methods of Stalins regime such as show trials, secret police and labour camps can seem out of character in context of this 100 year period, but these methods were used during the rule of the Tsars and were used under both Lenin and Khrushchev. However George Leggett claims27 these methods were never used to the same extent by other rulers, although Lenin, and Khrushchev seem similar concerning their repression of opposition. However Stalin was set aside from other communist leaders by the killing of his own communist comrades, as Lenin would have never have that gone as far, Khrushchev denounced this shortly after Stalins death in his de-Stalinisation speech. Leggetts view is particularly convincing as Stalins brutalities can not be compared to anybody in Russian history. Moreover the sheer scale of Stalins terror particularly during the Purges of 1928 to 1934 and show trials used throughout his rule surpass Lenin and Khrushchev and his brutality demonstrates his Red Tsar nature. Stalins killing of Lenins i lite, his brutal secret police (NKVD) and the rise in fascism led to High Stalinism, where Stalin resorted to extraordinary measures28 to control his party and the population. Although some of these methods continued under Khrushchev, they were comparatively less horrific. Even though grain seizures were common to all communist leaders, it is important to recognise that all communist leaders were against the forced collectivisation experienced under Stalin, which led to widespread famine in Russia. Although it is unfair to say there was no famine was suffered under Lenin or Khurschev, especially as millions died during the Civil War. Around 20 million Russians died during Stalins rule, 1. 5 million executed, 2 million died in camps, and 7 million died in famine29. This sheer scale of death came from use of terror methods such as slave labour camps in which at least 30 million may have served in. These huge totals surpass any under both Lenin and Khrushchev, even despite Lenins harsh treatment of opposition. Lenin also lacked the understanding of political pluralism and a multi-party system30, which led to his banning of factions in 1921 and his latter use of purges. However Lenin did not have the same distrust of members of his own party as Stalin did, as Stalin executed 98/139 members of the Seventeenth Party Congress, whilst 1,100 out 1,96631 party delegates were arrested. Although there is much evidence of violence under the Tsars, such as the repression of opposition after the assassination of Alexander II, Stalin is not like a Red Tsar, as Stalins brutalities surpass and dwarf any under the Tsars. However the truly autocratic natures of the Tsars, particularly Alexander III allow some similarities between Stalin and the Tsars. For example both Stalin and Alexander III had a distrust of giving others power, thus they both made the function of local government very difficult32. Both also of increased censorship and government control over universities. Stalin also enforced totalitarianism in all areas of life such as education, youth movements, culture, media, information, armed forced, government and administration33. This lead to a period known as Socialist Realism, an artistic style depicting happy workers, which was reminiscent of old Russian exclusiveness 34experienced under the Tsars. This was a highly censored period, in which the image of Stalin and the party was carefully arranged to show the country and the leader in their best light. Although both Lenin and Stalin had elements of vanity, Stalins image appeared everywhere portraying him as a heroic saviour and towering leader. This idea of exclusiveness was rejected by Marxism and Leninism, meaning Stalins portrayal of himself through the censored media allows basis to claims of him being a Red Tsar. The original literary and artistic freedom allowed by the Provisional Government following the revolution, came to a bitter end under Stalin, but had a limited revival under Khrushchev. This censorship extended to education, as the whole system became dominated by industrialisation, meaning foreign influence was limited, whilst strict government attitude towards workers meant social benefits were cut and education fees increased35. Also history books were re-written to suit Stalins taste, meaning that Stalins people may have been better educated than under the Tsars, but they naively regarded Stalin as their knight in shining armour, holding like an icon in their homes, much like the old Tsars, allowing Stalin to appear a Red Tsar. Moreover Stalin waged war on the Kulaks; a class of wealthy peasants created by Lenin and Stolypin in a hope that at some point in the future social class would be eradicated. However Stalin sought to eliminate this class by waging class warfare and controlling discontent through purges of the population, the Kulaks were denounced and wiped out by Stalin. As anger in the provinces over wages, working conditions, long hours, forced collectivisation and the brutality of the NKVD, led to distress, Stalin crushed any unrest and able farmers, ruling strata and old intelligentsia were also removed. Although this distrust of the masses and strict government control was reminiscent of the Tsars, Stalin out-did their autocratic control and his forced industrialisation led to a decline in living standards, which then rose after his death. This shows his Red Tsar nature, as both the Tsars and Stalin maintained a poor standard of living throughout their ruling. Stalins central control of the economy during his reign was based on traditional Marxist principals, making him unlike a Red Tsar as the planning he enforced was unlike any of the Tsars. However economically during this 100 year period Russia made dramatic progress. The key economic comparison is between the rulers, is the Great Spurt under Sergi Witte during Alexander III reign, versus the Great Turn under Stalin. Stalins Great Turn brought many changes both economically, politically and culturally, and his forced industrialisation36 and focus on heavy industry was driven by the need to catch up with the rest of the world, particularly the West and America. This need was also a feature of Tsarist rule, in particular Alexander III who favoured modernisation and industrialisation to make Russia a world power37. However the core ideologies of the Tsars were different to Stalins, as his communist beliefs favoured rapid industrialisation which appealed to Marxists as it showed a commitment to modernisation. In particular for Lenin who employed the NEP, and Stalin and Khrushchev who supported a socialist planned economy38, as the idea of planned improvement was a key part of Marxist ideology, therefore commitment to modernisation was a theme across the whole period but for different motives. Stalins command economy makes him unlike a Red Tsar, as it was more state lead than the economy under the Tsars. Moreover Lenins refusal to pay any foreign debts, meant that Stalins economy had to survive without any foreign loans, expertise and investment, which during the Great Spurt allowed the Tsars to make tremendous economic progress39. The creation of the Soviet Union as a world power was both important to Stalin, and the Tsars such as Nicholas II, who believed economic modernisation would strengthen Russias position in the world. The deliberate modernisation40 experienced under these leaders was an attempt to reform Russias backward economy, although it still remained just as insufficient and wasteful41 under Stalins rule. Stalins centralised economy was concentrated on his 5 year plans, although economic planning was important in all soviet economies these plans were a landmark in soviet history42. However these plans were harsh on the peasants, and like many economic policies of the Tsars. Stalin and the Tsars exploited the peasants for their own economic gain, the seizure of grain and limited rights put the rulers at an economic advantage, while both Lenin and Khrushchev refrained from exploiting the peasants to the extent which Stalin did and Lenin in particular believed that peasants should not be forced into collective farms. Therefore in theory Stalins planning aligns him with both Lenin and Khrushchev, but his practices such as the recognition for the need of wage differentials and exploitation of the peasants show a betrayal of Marxism, although there is some exploitation of the peasants under during NEP, but not as extreme. As a result, in practice Stalin may have appeared economically a Red Tsar, but in theory and policy he is similar to the other communist leaders. To conclude, whilst on the surface many of Stalins similarities with the other communist leaders appear only to be ideological, it is important to note that Lenin laid the foundations for the development of Stalinism through his use of purges and class warfare. It must be clearly recognised that features such as economic planning, reliance on i lites and grain requisitioning were common to all three of the communist leaders in this period. However despite this, Stalins image as a Red Tsar is particularly apt with relation to due to his traditional beliefs, his creation of a cult of personality and harsh treatment of peasants. Although there was an atmosphere of fear within the population of Little People under both Stalin and the Tsars, it is unreasonable to compare the brutalities of Stalins regime to those committed by the Tsars. Therefore whilst Stalin has many elements to show how similar he was to the Tsars, Lenins state allowed for these to form, distancing Stalin from his title of Red Tsar. Hence concluding that autocracy was inevitable in Russia during this period due to the situation in Russia and that Stalinism was effectively a fusion of communism and Tsarism.